Kansome  Concrete 
Machinery  Company 

CHARLES  H.  STANTON 

APR  25  1908 

MAIN  OFFICE  AND  WORKS 
;:  DUNELLEN,  N.  J.  :: 

®EC  15  1§08 

SALES  OFFICES 


11  Broadway 
1133  Broadway 
6  Beacon  street 
Chemical  Bldgr., 
Commonwealth  Bldg. 
Machesney  Bldg-., 
Atlas  BldR-.. 
Candler  Bldg-.. 
Monadnock  Bldg., 
Victoria  Square, 
Caxton  House, 
Ihie  Kazuhara 

Mines  &  vSmelter  Supply  Co.,  Mexico 
Ivincoln  Savings  Bank  Bldg  ,  L,ouisville,  Ky. 


New  York,  N.  Y. 
New  York,  N.  Y. 
Boston,  Mass. 
St.  Ivouis,  Mo. 

Phila..  Pa. 
Pittsburg,  Pa, 
San  Francisco,  Gal. 
Atlanta,  Ga. 
Chicago,  111. 
Montreal,  Can. 
I^ondon,  England 
Tokio,  Japan 


LEONAUD  PRESS,  NEW  YORK  CITY 


3 


Ransome  Concrete  Machinery 

The  1908  Models 


This  handbook  of  concrete  machinery  illustrates 
and  describes  in  some  detail  the  machinery  manufac- 
tured by  the  Ransome  Concrete  Machinery  Co.  The 
main  line  of  this  machinery  is  of  course  the  Ransome 
non-tilting  batch  concrete  mixer,  which  is  explained 
in  all  its  details  of  dimensions,  capacities,  weights,  etc. 
The  Ransome  Mixer,  however,  is  only  one  of  a  long 
list  of  devices,  apparatus,  and  tools  manufactured  by 
this  firm  for  mixing  concrete,  for  handling  concrete 
and  concrete  materials,  for  depositing  and  compacting 
concrete  and  for  finishing  concrete  surfaces.  These 
other  devices  and  tools  are,  like  the  Ransome  Mixers, 
illustrated  and  described  in  detail.  Features  of  the 
book,  on  which  some  stress  is  laid,  are  the  technical 
discussions  of  difTerent  types  of  mixers,  the  descrip- 
tions of  lal)or  and  cost  saving  methods,  and  the  exact 
and  careful  descriptions  of  the  various  devices  and 
methods  used  in  practical  operation.  No  firm  whose 
activities  in  the  field  of  concrete  engineering  are  so 
broad  in  scope,  or  whose  experience  in  manufacturing 
and  using  concrete  and  concrete  machinery  is  of  such 
long  standing  as  are  the  activities  and  experience  of 
this  firm,  can  give  in  a  catalog  more  than  a  fragment 
of  the  information  in  its  possession.  To  all  who  do 
not  find  their  query  answered  and  their  problem 
solved  in  this  Handbook  we  extend  a  cordial  invita- 
tion to  write  us  for  further  information. 

The  Ransome  Factory.  —  The  accompanying  pic- 
tures. Figs.  I,  2  and  3,  are  characteristic  views  of  part 


4 


5 


of  the  new  buildings  composing  the  plant  of  the  Ran- 
some  Concrete  Machinery  Co.,  at  Dunellen,  N.  J.  The 
exterior  view  shows  the  power  house  and  one  of  the 
main  shop  buildings.  When  completed  the  plant  will 
comprise  four  of  these  shop  buildings  placed  four 
square  in  a  200  by  1,200  foot  lot  with  ample  space  be- 
tween buildings  for  railway  tracks,  cranes,  platforms, 
etc.  The  building  shown  in  the  photograph  is  592 
feet  long  and  54  feet  wide,  and  is  constructed  with 
reinforced  concrete  sidewalls  and  steel  roof  trusses. 
The  interior  views  explain  themselves.  That  of  the 
erecting  floor  is  particularly  significant  as  showing  the 
number  of  machines  in  process  of  erection  at  one  time. 
It  is  to  be  noted  here  that  we  do  not  make  mixers 
"upon  order"  as  other  manufacturers  do.  We  make 
machines  and  store  them  to  meet  the  demand,  instead 
of  manufacturing  on  the  usual  ''hand  to  mouth  plan.'' 
Ransome  machines  are  made  in  lots  of  ten  to  twelve 
of  one  kind,  thus  reducing  the  cost.  We  endeavor  to 
keep  a  stock  on  hand,  but  we  cannot  always  do  this  in 
face  of  the  great  demand.  The  sizes  and  types  rotate, 
however,  swinging  through  the  circle  in  two  weeks, 
so  that  you  are  sure  to  get  at  least  a  two  week's  de- 
livery. With  our  new  plant  even  as  it  stands,  only 
one-fourth  its  ultimate  size,  we  have  the  largest  plant 
in  the  world  devoted  exclusively  to  the  manufacture  of 
concrete  machinery,  and  our  customers  may  feel  as- 
sured that  their  orders  will  be  promptly  filled. 

The  Designers  of  Ransome  Mixers. — Members  of 
this  firm  have  had  long  experience  as  contractors  and 
concrete  engineers.  Under  their  own  supervision  they 
have  used  the  machines  and  tools  offered  for  sale  in 
these  pages.    And,  as  users  of  their  own  concrete 


} 

) 


6 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2015 


https://archive.org/details/ransonneconcretenn00rans_1 


7 


plants,  they  have  developed  and  improved  every  de- 
vice to  the  present  state  of  simplicity  and  efficiency. 
In  these  pages  nothing  experimental  is  offered.  Yet 
we  have  been  leaders  in  experimenting  with  a  view  to 
improving  our  machines  and  tools,  but  we  have  always 
made  the  experiments  before  placing  the  finished 
product  on  the  market,  not  afterward. 

The  Ransome  Patents. — A  study  of  the  Ransome 
inventions  as  listed  in  the  United  States  patent  office 
is  a  most  interesting  one  as  showing  the  evolution  of 
the  present  Model  Ransome  Mixer.  Mr.  Ernest  L. 
Ransome  was  the  pioneer  in  mixers,  as  he  was  in  con- 
crete construction  and  for  the  past  twenty  years  we 
have  manufactured  concrete  mixers  embodying  the 
ideas  of  Mr.  Ransome  as  gained  through  his  wide  ex- 
perience as  a  concrete  engineer.  Fig.  4  illustrates  a 
few  steps  in  the  process  of  evolution,  the  illustrations 
used  being  copies  of  various  patent  drawings. 

For  the  past  year,  as  for  twenty  years  past,  we 
have  kept  one  or  more  experimental  machines  in  con- 
stant operation  in  our  field  laboratory,  trying  out 
suggestions  made  from  time  to  time  1)y  our  customers, 
or  others. 

Our  facilities  for  experimental  work  cannot  be 
approached  by  any  one  in  this  line  of  business,  and  we 
are,  therefore,  always  a  year  or  more  in  advance  of 
all  competition.  Our  success  has  been  such  as  to  call 
forth  many  imitators  who  are  infringing  our  patent 
rights. 

We  control  U.  S.  patent  on  the  essential  features 
of  our  machines,  and,  inasmuch  as  the  users  as  well 
as  the  manufacturers  of  infringing  devices  are  liable 
under  the  law,  we  publish  below  a  list  of  Letters  Pa- 


i 
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CO 


9 


tent  controlled  by  us,  with  a  brief  description  of  the 
patented  device,  as  described  in  the  patent  Specifica- 
tions. 

We  believe  these  descriptions  v^ill  serve  to  protect 
the  public  against  manufacturers  w^ho  are  imitating 
our  lines,  pending  the  result  of  present  litigation.  We 
quote  in  each  case  the  claim  in  the  patent  specifica- 
tions which  most  clearly  sets  forth  the  essential  fea- 
tures of  the  patent.  The  complete  specification  can  be 
procured  by  application  to  the  U.  S.  Patent  Ofhce. 

Patent  No.  490631,  January  24,  1893. — The  ap- 
paratus for  delivering  the^  several  ingredients  for  con- 
crete to  a  mixer  in  automatically  proportioned  quan- 
tities, consisting  of  a  row  of  containing  chambers  sit- 
uated above  a  conveyor  and  athwart  its  line  of  travel, 
each  having  an  independent  discharge  opening  and 
regulating  gate  through  which  the  contents  of  the 
chambers  are  gauged  and  carried  by  the  conveyor  be- 
low the  chambers  directly  to  the  mixer  underneath, 
substantially  as  described. 

Patent  No.  694575,  March  4,  1902. — A  mixer,  con- 
taining a  multiple  series  of  1)affle-plates,  each  series  of 
which  consists  of  two  tiers  of  plates,  the  plates  of  one 
tier  alternating  in  height  with  those  of  the  other  tier, 
substantially  as  described. 

Patent  No.  694579,  March  4th,  1902. — A  hoisting- 
tub  on  a  bail  wherein  it  overturns  by  its  own  weight, 
in  combination  with  fixed  guides  upon  which  the  bail 
moves,  a  stop  to  prevent  the  tub  from  overturning 
too  far,  and  a  guide-rail  in  front  of  the  tub  which  re- 
tains the  tub  in  position  and  upon  the  top  of  which 
the  tub  tips,  substantially  as  described. 


10 


Delivery  SMe 


FeecJ  Side 


Blade  Arrangetrieiit 
1908  Model 


DeJivery  Side 


Fig-.  6.    Arrangement  of  Blades 


II 


Patent  No.  761541,  May  31st,  1904. — A  concrete 
mixer  having  an  imperforate  revolnte  member  pro- 
vided with  a  head  at  its  inlet  end,  bafflers  of  opposite 
hand  disposed  in  and  revokible  v^ith  said  member,  and 
a  reversible  driving  mechanism  operatively  related  to 
said  member  for  rotating  it  and  the  bafflers  in  either 
direction  at  will ;  one  of  said  bafflers  and  the  head 
being  effective  in  piling  the  material  in  the  path  of  the 
other  baffler  when  said  member  is  rotated  in  one 
direction. 

Patent  No.  770477,  Sept.  20,  1904. — A  machine  of 
the  class  described,  having  an  imperforate  re- 
volnble  member  open  at  one  end,  a  baffler  within  said 
member  and  nnattached  thereto,  and  co-operating  de- 
vices on  said  member  and  the  baffler  for  insnring  the 
rotation  of  the  latter  with  the  former,  said  baffler  being 
withdrawable  endwise  throngh  the  open  end  of  the 
mem))er. 

Patent  782052,  February  7,  1905. — The  combination 
with  a  mixer,  comprising  a  revoluble  mixing-drnm 
having  an  open  charging  end,  of  a  hopper  compris- 
ing two  angnlarly-disposed,  rigidly-connected  mem- 
bers lying  at  said  charging  end  of  the  drnm  and  ex- 
tending ontward  therefrom,  means  for  pivotally 
mounting  the  hopper,  whereby  to  allow  the  outward 
member  of  the  hopper  to  move  so  that  the  base  there- 
of may  be  in  close  proximity  to  and  substantially  par- 
allel with  the  horizontal  plane  of  the  base  of  the  ap- 
paratus when  the  hopper  is  in  its  outward  position 
and  to  allow  the  inner  member  of  the  hopper  to  swing 
into  the  said  open  charging  end  of  the  drum  when  the 
hopper  is  in  its  inner  position,  and  means  for  operat- 
ing the  hopper. 


01 

.s 

W  o 

o  w 


13 

Patent  No.  814803,  March  13,  1906. — A  mixing  ap- 
paratus having  a  revoUible  drum  adapted  to  receive 
the  material  at  one  end  and  discharge  it  at  the  other 
end,  and  a  Hfting-shelf  secured  in  the  drum  against 
the  inner  side  thereof,  the  shelf  extending  diagonally 
with  respect  to  the  axis  of  the  drum  for  the  major  por- 
tion of  the  length  of  the  shelf,  and  a  shelf  terminating 
at  the  discharge  end  of  the  drum  in  an  offset  portion, 
the  concave  side  of  which  faces  the  direction  of  revo- 
lution of  the  drum,  whereby  to  form  a  lifting-pocket. 

Patent  No.  870797,  dated  Nov.  12th,  1907. — A  ro- 
tary drum  mixer,  having  advancing  and  return  flanges, 
both  engaging  the  inner  walls  of  the  drum  and  extend- 
ing diagonally  from  the  respective  end  portions  of  the 
drum,  towards  the  opposite  ends  thereof,  the  advanc- 
ing flange  clearing  the  inner  end  of  the  return  flange 
and  reaching  beyond  the  same  substantially  to  the  op- 
posite or  discharge  end  of  the  drum,  and  provided 
thereat  with  an  offset  or  bend  extending  toward  the 
return  flange  and  forming  a  lifting  pocket. 

A  rotary  drum  mixer  for  concrete  and  similar  wet 
plastic  materials,  having  a  relatively  stationary  diago- 
nal mixing  flange  in  the  drum  in  a  radial  plane  thereof 
and  with  one  end  of  the  flange  juxtaposed  and  secured 
to,  but  spaced  from  the  corresponding  end  of  the  drum, 
to  allow  circulation  of  water  past  said  end  of  the 
flange  and  prevent  accumulations  of  concrete  between 
said  end  of  the  flange  and  the  end  of  the  drum. 

Patent  No.  807129,  dated  December  12,  1905. — A 
wheeled  cart  having  a  dumping  body,  one  end  of 
which  lies  inward  of  the  periphery  of  the  wheel  or 
wheels,  and  the  other  end  of  which  projects  beyond 
the  periphery  of  the  wheel  or  wheels,  and  a  handle 
reversibly  secured  to  the  body,  for  the  purpose  speci- 
fied. 

/ 


O  m 
Is 


bt)  C 

EH 


15 


General  Construction.~Thc  Ransome  mixer  con- 
sists of  a  cylindrical  drum  of  heavy  sheet  steel,  fitted 
with  cast  traction  rings,  which  revolve  on  four  rollers. 
Power  is  transmitted  to  the  drum  through  a  rack  or 
gear,  which  forms  part  of  one  of  the  traction  rings. 
To  ensure  smoothness  of  operation  these  traction 
rings  are  bored  and  turned  to  a  true  circle,  which  is 
concentric  with  the  pitch  of  the  gear  teeth. 

The  rollers  upon  which  the  drum  revolves  are 
made  with  chilled  face,  after  the  manner  of  car  wheels, 
and  are  ground  to  a  true  circle.  They  are  keyed  fast 
to  the  shafts,  which  revolve  in  solid  babbited  journal 
boxes. 

These  journal  boxes  are  bolted  to  a  ^x6  in.  squar- 
ing plate,  drilled  to  templet.  This  steel  plate  pre- 
serves absolutely  the  alinement  of  the  rollers  and 
driving  pinion.  The  journals  are  equipped  with  com- 
pression grease  cups,  which  by  forcing  the  grease  out- 
ward along  the  shaft,  serve  to  keep  the  bearing  clear 
of  dust  or  grit. 

The  pinion  is  of  cast  steel,  2  in.  pitch,  and  the 
teeth  are  made  of  extra  depth  belovv^  the  pitch  line  to 
guard  against  bottoming.  On  belted  machines  the 
pinion  shaft  is  mounted  in  a  "box"  which,  with  the 
roller  shaft,  forms  a  double  journal.  On  steam  driven 
machines  the  pinion  shaft  is  supported  in  ''boxes" 
rigidly  attached  to  the  engine  base,  thus  securing  a 
positive  alinement  of  the  driving  mechanism. 

The  drum  of  the  mixer  is  equipped  with  scoops  of 
3-16  in.  steel,  rigidly  attached  to  it.  To  facilitate  re- 
newals these  scoops  are  bolted  to  the  drum  shell. 

For  diagramatic  representation  of  these  blades  see 
Fig.  6. 


17 


Main  Features  of  the  Ransome  Concrete  Mixer 

may  be  summarized:  (i)  Low  feed  with  compara- 
tively high  discharge.  (2)  Thorough  and  rapid  mix- 
(3)  Qnick,  easy  and  complete  discharge  and 
absolute  control  thereof.  (4)  Simplicity  of  construc- 
tion with  few  wearing  parts.  (5)  Positive  cleaning 
by  means  of  water  passages  at  the  sides  and  beneath 
the  scoops. 

The  low  feed  and  high  discharge  are  apparent  from 
a  study  of  Figs.  31  to  34  in  connection  with  their 
accompanying  tables  on  pages  53-59.  The  importance 
of  this  feature  will  be  more  fully  understood  by  refer- 
ence to  page  43,  where  is  given  a  comparison  as  to 
output  between  a  Ransome  Mixer  and  a  tilting  mixer 
operating  under  identical  conditions  as  to  labor. 

Thorough  and  rapid  mixing  is  secured  through  the 
Ransome  steel  scoops,  fastened  rigidly  to  the  inside  of 
the  drum,  substantially  as  indicated  by  Fig.  9.  These 
scoops  not  only  pick  up  the  materials  and  turn  them 
over  and  over  upon  themselves,  but  are  so  shaped  and 
placed  as  to  give  the  materials  a  motion  from  side  to 
side  of  the  drum — a  reciprocating  travel,  which,  com- 
bined with  the  turning  movement,  ensures  thorough 
and  rapid  mixing.  Each  scoop,  as  it  travels  upward, 
carries  with  it  a  portion  of  the  batch  which  is  thrown 
down  upon  that  portion  of  the  batch,  that  is  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  drum.  The  mixing  principle  is,  therefore, 
that  of  grinding,  rubbing,  contact,  and  forcible 
kneading  of  the  materials  into  a  homogeneous  body, 
concrete.  This  rubbing  and  grinding  and  this  forcible 
kneading  are  peculiarly  the  Ransome  principle  and 
possessed  only  by  Ransome  machines. 


Fig-.   10 — RANSOME  MIXER. 
Discharging-   into   Ransome  Cart. 


At  the  same  time,  as  the  drum  revolves,  the  rolhng 
contact  is  produced,  which  is  the  basic  mixing  prin- 
ciple of  other  mixers.  Other  mixers  roll  the  stone  in 
cement  and  sand,  the  Ransome  mixer  first  does  this 
and  then  rubs  it  in. 

The  scoops  might  be  compared  to  great  shovels  in 
the  hands  of  men  powerful  enough  to  handle  them 
quickly  enough  to  turn  the  batch  completely  over  60 
times  in  60  seconds. 

We  know  from  actual  strength  tests  of  the  con- 
crete that  the  Ransome  Mixer  gives  a  more  uniform 
product  than  any  other  mixer. 


9 


19 


Some  of  our  competitors  have  tried  to  imitate  the 
shape  and  arrangement  of  the  steel  scoops  in  the 
Ransome  Mixer.  Where  the  imitation  has  been  at 
all  successful  in  producing  the  desired  reciprocating 
movement  of  the  concrete  materials,  our  patents  have 
been  infringed.  The  imitation  has  been  a  failure  so 
far  as  securing  the  desired  back  and  forth  movement 
of  the  materials.  Certain  manufacturers  finding  them- 
selves unable  to  use  the  Ransome  scoops,  have  tried 
to  create  a  "talking  point"  by  omitting  scoops  entirely 
and  then  advertising  their  mixers  as  containing  ''no 
insides,"  hoping  to  make  a  merit  out  of  a  defect  by 
boldly  parading  the  defect.  They  have  claimed  that 
scoops  actually  retard  the  mixing,  expecting  the  pub- 
lic to  believe  that  a  man  w^ith  a  shovel  working  on 
concrete  materials  w^ould  be  less  efifective  in  mixing 
them  than  a  man  shaking  the  materials  up  and  dow^n 
in  a  box.  They  have  intimated,  also,  that  the  concrete 
sticks  to  the  scoops,  and  have  shouted  in  type  to  the 
effect  that  ''you  do  not  have  to  pound  our  mixer  to 
clean  it."  The  truth  is  that  all  mixers  are  alike  in 
this  respect  of  cleaning  them.  If  you  let  concrete  re- 
main in  any  mixer  long  enough  to  harden,  it  will 
stick  to  the  steel  of  the  mixer.  To  clean  a  Ransome 
Mixer  at  the  end  of  a  shift,  simply  throw  in  a  few 
shovelfuls  of  stone  or  gravel  and  a  little  water  while 
the  mixer  is  revolving.  The  stones  act  like  shot  in  a 
bottle,  and  clean  the  mixer  as  perfectly  as  shot  cleans 
a  dirty  bottle. 

To  Discharge  the  batch  simply  tilt  the  chute. 
This  can  be  done  quickly  and  easily  and  the  batch  may 
be  discharged  into  wheelbarrows,  one  at  a  time,  or  in 


Pig.   11— RANSOME  MIXER, 
Showing-  Charging  Hopper  and  Lever  that  Tilts  the  Discharge  Chute. 


21 


Fig-.  12. 


its  entirety,  as  desired.  The  drum  revolves  continu- 
ously, even  while  the  concrete  is  being  discharged.  To 
tilt  the  chute  the  mixer  man  pulls  the  lever  shown  in 
Fig.  II,  and  lowers  the  chute.  The  rear  end  of 
the  chute  swings  back  into  the  drum  of  the  mixer 
where  the  concrete  is  delivered  on  the  chute  by  the 
Ransome  scoops,  and  slides  out  into  the  bucket,  car. 


Pig.  13 — POSITION  OF  DISCHARGE  CHUTE  DURING  MIXING. 


22 


23 


barrow  or  other  receptacle  for  conveying  the  concrete. 
Owing  to  the  fact  that  the  chute  is  tilted,  rather  than 
the  mixer,  the  discharge  may  be  checked  instantane- 
ously. 

Simplicity  of  Construction  can  be  best  illustrated 
by  a  reference  to  Figs.  14  and  19.  The  solid  babbitted 
journal  boxes  are  interchangeable  and  should  last  in- 
definitely if  given  proper  attention  and  kept  free  from 
accumulation  of  concrete.  If  they  become  worn,  in- 
stal  new  ones,  and  re-babbit  those  you  take  ofif,  using 
a  babbit  based  on  the  following  formula : 

Lead   79.25  lbs. 

Tin    6.00  lbs. 

Antimony    14.00  lbs. 

Bismuth    6.25  lbs. 

The  shafts  carrying  the  rollers  are  likewise  inter- 
changeable and  subject  to  little  or  no  wear  on  ac- 
count of  the  length  of  bearing;  and,  in  any  event, 
renewals  are  easy  and  can  be  procured  anywhere  in 
emergency,  as  they  are  stock  shafting  sizes. 

The  rollers  are  of  good  grey  iron  with  chilled  face 
ground  to  a  line  circle.  The  chilled  face  ensures  long 
life ;  and,  as  they  are  keyed  fast  to  the  shaft,  they 
are  not  subject  to  wear  except  on  the  face.  The  pinion 
is  of  cast  steel,  2  in.  pitch,  and  is  guaranteed  against 
breakage.   It  will  wear,  but  it  zvill  not  break. 

The  traction  rings  are  100  to  200  pounds  heavier 
than  on  our  old  models  and  are  bored  and  turned  to  a 
true  circle.  Starting  true,  they  remain  true,  and  the 
wear  is  reduced  to  the  minimum.  If  kept  properly 
greased  and  clean  they  will  last  for  years. 

With  the  exception  of  one  or  two  small  parts,  all 


24 


25 


the  rest  of  the  machine  is  of  wrought  steel  and  re- 
pairs can  be  easily  made  in  the  field. 

The  engine  and  countershaft  gears  are  machine 
moulded  and  made  of  a  special  quality  of  grey  iron, 
the  best  we  can  procure. 

Thorough  Cleaning  of  the  Machine  is  assured  by 
clearance  left  between  the  scoops  and  the  drum  shell, 
to  allow  passage  of  water^  which  cleans  the  machine 
between  each  batch.  The  water^  which  is  put  in  first, 
passes  beneath  the  scoops,  which  the  thicker  concrete 
is  unable  to  do. 

How  to  Operate  a  Mixer. — If  your  machine  is 
mounted  on  wheels,  see  that  the  weight  is  first  taker 
off  the  wheels  and  carried  on  suitable  sills,  Fig.  15. 
The  points  of  support  should  be  beneath  each  roller 
shaft,  beneath  the  bed  of  the  engine  and  beneath  the 
boiler.  The  mixer  frame  should  be  carefully  leveled 
in  both  directions. 

Remove  the  hook  bolts  which  hold  the  drum  to  the 
frame. 

Fill  all  grease  and  oil  cups,  and  grease  carefully 
the  traction  rings  and  roller  faces.  See  that  in  all 
cases  the  lubricant  is  fed  to  the  bearings.  Use  a 
good  graphite,  hard  oil  or  grease  in  all  compression 
cups,  and  screw  the  caps  down  so  as  to  force  the 
grease  through  the  journal  box.  A  turn  should  be 
given  on  all  compression  cups  at  least  once  in  every 
two  hours,  once  the  machine  is  in  operation. 

Make  steam  connections  as  shown  in  Fig.  16,  and 
then  start  your  boiler  as  per  instructions  on  page  114. 

Turn  your  machine  over  light  a  few  times,  mean- 
while setting  up.  such  runways  as  may  be  required. 


Fig.  16 — PLAN  AND  SIDE  VIEW 
Showing-  Connections. 


27 


Fig.    16  1/2 — RANSOME   MIXER   AND  BATCH  HOPPER. 

See  that  the  discharge  chute  is  in  position,  'as 
shown  in  Fig,.  13. 

Feed  into  the  machine  the  amount  of  water  re- 
quired for  the  batch,  following  instructions  given  on 
page  95.  Follow  with  stone  and  sand  in  the  order 
named.  Leave  the  material  in  the  machine  half  a 
minute,  which  is  long  enough  under  average  con- 
ditions, then  reverse  the  discharge  chute  to  the 
position  shown  in  Fig.  15.  Discharge  direct  into 
wheelbarrows,  bucket,  car,  or  other  vehicle,  the  whole 
batch  or  part  thereof  as  desired.  Reverse  chute  and 
feed  into  the  machine  the  next  batch. 


28 


Fig.   17— MIXER  AND  ENGINE 
Showing  Feed  Chute. 

Where  practicable  use  a  batch  hopper,  as  illus- 
trated in  Fig.  i6^  or  a  feed  hopper  as  shown  in  Fig. 
37.    They  will  save  you  time. 

On  stopping  at  noon  or  night,  or  for  more  than  a 
few  minutes,  be  sure  to  wash  your  machine  out  thor- 
oughly. Feed  into  it  a  quantity  of  water,  and  a  bar- 
row of  stone,  which  will  scour  it  out. 

Watch  the  point  of  discharge.  If  the  material  falls 
short  of  the  chute,  speed  your  engine  up.  If  it  car- 
ries over,  slow  down.  The  speed  should  be  varied 
with  the  consistency  of  the  mix  and  the  materials. 

To  secure  uniform  consistency  of  concrete,  wet 
down  your  stone  pile  morning,  noon  and  night. 


29 


In  securing  results  as  to  output,  watch  the  deliv- 
ery side  of  your  machine.  Get  the  material  all  out  at 
once  so  your  next  batch  can  be  mixing.  If  you  must 
discharge  part  at  a  time,  use  the  largest  cart  or  bar- 
row you  can. 

Guard  against  wear  in  the  journal  boxes.  An  occa- 
sional inspection  will  guard  against  undue  wear,  which 
may  result  in  bottoming  of  pinion  and  main  gear  with 
disastrous  results  as  to  gears,  etc.  Also  watch  that 
the  rollers  do  not  wear  down  so  as  to  cause  bottom- 
ing. 

Guarantee. — W e  guarantee  our  machines  against 
defective  materials  and  workmanship ;  and  will,  at  any 
time  within  one  year  from  date  of  purchase  of  one  of 
our  machines,  furnish  our  customers,  free  of  charge 
f.  o.  b.  our  works,  new  parts  to  replace  any  which  may 
prove  defective,  provided  the  customer  returns  to  us, 
f.  o.  b.  our  shops,  the  part  claimed  to  be  defective.  We 
will  not,  however,  be  responsible  for  damages  on  ac- 
count of  delays,  etc.,  nor  for  bills  incurred  by  custom- 
ers in  making  repairs  without  our  authorization. 

We  guarantee  that  our  machines  will  yield  under 
average  conditions  their  rated  output,  and  upon  order 
from*  our  customer  will  undertake  the  demonstration 
of  this  fact,  provided  that  the  party  making  such  de- 
mand will  agree  to  pay  us  $io  per  day  and  expenses  of 
our  representative  engaged  in  making  this  demonstra- 
tion, in  the  event  that  we  can  so  demonstrate ;  other- 
wise the  expense  to  borne  by  us. 

We  guarantee  that  the  power  equipment  furnished 
with  our  machines  will  operate  them  under  full  load 
at  the  speeds  given. 


30 


Fig.    18— TRUCK, 


31 


IMPROVEnENTS  FOR  1908 

A  New  Truck  has  been  designed  (see  Fig.  i8)  to 
meet  the  demand  for  a  mixer  to  be  hauled  over  rough 
country  roads.  This  new  truck  is  fitted  with  steel 
wheels  20  inches  diameter  and  4  niches  tread.  This 
new  style  truck  is  furnished  only  where  especially  or- 
dered and  an  extra  charge  is  made 

A  New  Boiler  has  been  adopted,  larger  in  diameter 
and  of  less  height  than  the  standard  type  of  boiler. 
This  boiler  has  the  shell  extended  to  form  the  ash  pit, 
thus  doing  away  with  the  ordinary  cast  iron  base.  The 
boiler  is  further  equipped  with  angle  iron  lugs  which 
permit  bolting  the  boiler  direct  to  the  truck,  thus  cut- 
ting out  the  stays  required  with  the  ordinary  type  of 
boiler.  In  designing  these  boilers  we  have  made  effi- 
ciency and  economy  of  operation  the  main  considera- 
tion. The  ordinary  practise  in  boiler  making  has  been 
to  increase  the  height  when  more  power  was  wanted. 
This  practise,  dictated  by  economy  of  manufacture,  has 
resulted  in  boilers  which  will  develop  their  power  theo- 
retically, but  in  practical  use  will  do  so  only  when 
new  or  under  forced  draught.  We  can  operate  with 
open  fire  door  under  conditions  where  another  boiler  of 
the  same  rated  horsepower  would  require  closed  door 
and  forced  draught.  We  furnish  with  each  boiler  an  In- 
spection Certificate  of  the  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  and 
Inspection  Company. 

The  Steel  Squaring  Plate. — This  plate,  shown  in 
Figs.  19  to  22,  is  a  decided  improvement,  and  we  are 
sure  it  will  appeal  to  every  user  of  a  concrete  mixer. 
A  wooden  frame  on  a  concrete  mixer  is  a  decided  ad- 
vantage in  that  any  attachment  can  readily  be  made  in 


32 


33 


Pig-.    20— STEEL   SQUARING  FRAME. 
Side  View. 

the  field.  Furthermore,  a  wooden  frame  is  not  sub- 
ject to  the  excessive  vibration  that  exists  in  a  frame 
constructed  entirely  of  iron  or  steel.  On  the  other 
hand,  a  steel  frame  possesses  one  decided  advantage. 
It  insures  the  preservation  of  true  alignment.  It  may 
be  said  to  be  insurance  against  breakage  of  gears. 


Fig-.    21 — ^STEEL   SQUARING  FRAME. 
Top  Vie-w  Arrranged  for  Engines. 

But  attachments  in  the  field  are  difficult  with  a  steel 
frame,  and  we  all  know  how  often  it  is  desirable  or 
even  necessary  to  make  such  an  attachment.  To  escape 
the  objections  inherent  in  each  class  of  frame,  and  to 
preserve  the  desirable  features  of  both,  we  have  de- 
signed a  combination  frame.    The  body  of  the  frame  is 


34 


MACHINE  FOR  BORING  THE  TRACTION 
OF  RANSOME  MIXERS. 


RINGS 


35 


of  wood,  on  top  of  which  is  bolted  the  steel  squaring 
plate,  made  up  of  ^x6  inch  steel  plate.  We  thus  se- 
cure all  the  advantage  of  the  wood  frame  and  the  true 
alignment  afforded  by  the  steel  frame,  together  with 
such  advantage  as  may  be  in  the  higher  speed  made 
possible  by  more  perfect  alignment. 

Turned  and  Bored  Traction  Rings. — These  were 
adopted  for  1908  and  we  regard  this  feature  of  the  ma- 
chine as  most  important.  These  rings  are  four  to  six 
feet  in  diameter  and  encircle  the  drum.  They  roll  on 
the  four  supporting  rollers  shown  in  Fig.  19.  In 
former  models  and  in  machines  of  other  manufacture, 
these  rings  have  been  rough  castings  which  wore  more 
or  less  irregularly  under  service.  It  is  impossible  to 
mold  a  casting  such  as  these  rings  and  secure  a  per- 
fect circle ;  yet  a  true  circle  must  be  secured  to  start 
with,  in  order  to  obtain  uniform  wear.  Irregu- 
larities, however  slight,  tend  to  become  more  and  more 
pronounced  under  wear.  W e  have,  therefore,  adopted 
turned  and  bored  rings  for  1908  and  in  Fig.  22  we 
illustrate  the  machine  in  which  this  work  is  done. 

Heavier  Castings  have  been  adopted  than  were 
used  in  former  models.  By  experiment  we  found  that 
there  was  a  certain  amount  of  spring  in  the  old  rings, 
which  was  objectionable.  Slight  as  it  was,  this 
'^spring''  aggravated  the  tendency  to  uneven  wear. 
Moreover,  this  repeated  distortion  tended  to  loosen  the 
rivets.  W e  have  completely  overcome  this  tendency 
by  increasing  the  weight  of  the  ring  castings  100  to 
200  pounds  and  by  closer  spacing  of  the  rivets. 

The  Supporting  Rollers  are  made  with  ''chilled" 
face  after  the  manner  of  ordinary  car  wheels.  This 


36 


Fig.  :^4— RANSOME  MIXER. 
With   Belt   Drive,   End  View. 

chilled  face  ensures  good  wearing  quality,  as  it  is  im- 
possible to  machine  the  face  of  these  rollers  and  to  get 
them  true,  we  have  designed  a  grinding  machine  in 
which  these  rollers  are  trued  up. 

These  rollers  are  all  keyed  fast  to  the  shaft  with 
which  they  revolve,  thus  throwing  all  the  wear  on  the 
journal  boxes. 

Double  Journal  Boxes. — These  boxes,  Fig.  19,  are 
furnished  on  all  belted  machines.  They  preserve  true 
alignment  of  the  pinion  shaft.  On  older  models  power 
was  transmitted  to  the  drum  through  the  rear  roller 


X  > 
O 

<i1  Q 


i5  w 


39 


shaft,  which  was  fitted  with  loose  rollers.  By  the  adop- 
tion of  the  double  journal  we  throw  all  wear  upon  the 
journal  boxes,  where  it  belongs. 

Machine  Moulded  Gears  have  been  adopted  for  1908, 
after  a  thorough  test.  These  gears  are  made  of  a  spe- 
cial mixture  of  grey  iron ;  and,  being  machine  moulded, 
the  teeth  get  a  bearing  across  their  full  width,  which  is 
not  possible  with  hand  moulded  gears,  owing  to  the 
draft  given  the  pattern. 

Cast  Steel  Pinions. — These  insure  against  sudden 
breakage.  The  pinion  will  wear,  of  course,  but  we 
guarantee  them  against  breakage. 

Splashing  Eliminated. — We  have  done  away  with 
splashing  by  reducing  the  size  of  the  feed  and  dis- 
charge openings  and  by  changing  the  arrangements  of 
the  scoop.  With  the  adoption  of  the  turned  rings  it 
became  possible  to  reduce  the  clearance  around  the 
feed  and  discharge  chutes,  with  the  result  that,  instead 
of  27  inch  openings,  we  now  have  21  inch  openings 
on  the  No.  i  and  No.  2  mixers  and  24  inch  openings 
on  No.  3  and  No.  4  mixers.  The  new  arrangement  of 
scoops  not  only  stops  splashing,  but  it  also  stops  clog- 
ging of  the  machine.  Our  1908  scoops  mark  a  great 
advance  over  those  of  our  1906  model.  They  are  sim- 
pler and  result  in  a  more  even  distribution  of  the  mix. 
Compare  the  two  arrangements.  Fig.  6.  Note  the  su- 
periority of  1908  from  the  standpoint  of  load  distribu- 
tion. See  how  material  must  be  kept  to  the  center  of 
the  machine.  Note  the  backward  and  forward  move- 
ments of  the  material.  The  passage  at  the  side  of  the 
1908  model  and  the  clearance  beneath  the  wings  also 
serve  to  make  the  machine  self-cleaning  as  well  as  to 


Pig-.   26— MIXER  AND  ENGINE   ON  SKIDS. 


41 


reduce  the  spilling  of  sloppy  material.  Spilling  is 
largely  a  matter  of  speed.  Few  users  of  concrete  mix- 
ers give  enough  consideration  to  the  speed  of  the 
mixer.  All  mixers  operate  best  at  varying  speeds  for 
various  consistencies  of  concrete.  If  you  are  troubled 
with  spilling  try  varying  the  speed  till  you  reach  the 
point  where  spilling  stops. 

The   Past   Success   of   Ransome   Mixers.  — ■  The 

Ransome  1908  mixer  is  an  improvement  over  our 
earlier  models.  This  statement  means  much  because 
the  success  of  our  earlier  model  is  universally  attested 
l)y  their  users.  Many  of  them  have  written  to  tell  us 
their  satisfaction  and  of  these  many  we  choose  a  few 
to  speak  in  their  own  words. 

(1)  A  contractor  in  Rio  de  Janiero,  Brazil,  writes 
us  under  date  of  August  15,  1906,  concerning  a  model 
1905  mixer  which  he  purchased  April  11,  1905,  and 
which,  therefore,  had  at  the  time  the  letter  was  wTit- 
ten  been  in  use  for  1 5  months.  The  letter  is  as  follows : 

"The  No.  I  Model  1905  Mixer  we  purchased  from 
you  has  given  us  entire  satisfaction.  Up  to  date  no 
repairs  have  been  made." 

We  are  now  in  receipt  of  a  duplicate  order  from  this 
firm. 

(2)  In  the  next  communication,  which  is  from  an 
engineer  employed  on  certain  work,  we  have  a  compari- 
son between  Ransome  mixers  and  a  well  known  make  of 
tilting  mixer. 

''In  reference  to  the  concrete  mixers  we  purchased 
of  you  on  Aug.  21,  1906,  will  say  that  we  have  given  them 
a  thorough  and  practical  test  and  are  very  much  pleased 


^  6 

o  w 

ui 
I 


43 


with  the  results  obtained.  They  have  proven  superior  to 
the  tilting  mixers,  of  w^hich  w^e  have  sixteen  in  opera- 
tion. We  have  decreased  our  power  50  per  cent,  and 
labor  20  per  cent.,  and  I  am  highly  elated  over  the  success 
I  have  obtained  out  of  them.  At  the  time  of  purchase 
1  was  a  trifle  afraid  of  the  mixing  paddles,  but  after  2^ 
months'  operation  we  have  not  noticed  any  wear.  We 
have  had  no  repairs  on  either  of  our  Ransome  mixers, 
and  the  indications  are  that  we  will  not  have  any  for  a 
long  time  to  come.  You  will  find  attached  some  statistics 
showing  a  comparison  of  the  two  types  of  mixers  which 
stretches  over  a  period  of  2}^  months  actual  operation." 

The  statistics  referred  to  in  the  above  communication 
are  as  follows : 

The  tests  were  made  on  a  No.  2  tilting  and  a  No.  2 
Ransome  and  on  a  No.  2  Ransome  and  a  No.  3  tilting; 
all  mixers  worked  10  hours  a  day.  The  figures  are  as 
follows : 

First  Test.  No.  2  Ransome.    No.  2  Tilting. 

Output  cubic  yards  per  day   70  44 

Number  men  worked,  average.  .        13  16 
Output  cubic  yards  per  man   5.3  2.7 

Second  Test.  No.  2  Ransome.    No.  3  Tilting. 

Output  cubic  yards  per  yad   70  44 

Output  cubic  yards  per  man.  .  .  .         2.2  2.1 

Note  the  striking  difference  in  output  of  the  No.  2 
Ransome  compared  with  the  No.  2  Tilting  mixer.  With 
fewer  men  the  Ransome  did  50  per  cent,  more  work. 
This  was  due  in  part  to  the  saving  in  time  that  a  Ran- 
some Mixer  effects  in  discharging  its  batch.  But  a  very 
large  part  of  the  superiority  of  the  Ransome  was  due  to 
the  fact  that  the  materials  did  not  have  to  be  wheeled  up 


44 


45 


so  high  to  get  them  into  the  mixer.  As  will  be  explained 
a  few  pages  further  on,  a  tilting  mixer  must  always  be 
mounted  high,  in  order  to  give  clearance  when  it  is  tilted 
Perhaps  an  even  more  striking  demonstration  of  the  im- 
portance of  this  feature  is  found  in  the  Second  Test,  by 
comparing  a  No.  2  Ransome  with  a  No.  3  Tilting  mixer 
of  considerably  greater  size  than  the  Ransome.  In  this 
case  the  No.  2  Ransome  still  excels,  but  it  is  not  so  effi- 
cient as  the  No.  2  Ransome  w^as  in  the  P'^irst  Test.  Why  ? 
Simply  because  in  the  Second  Test  the  Ransome  mixer 
Vvas  mounted  higher  ofif  the  ground,  thus  requiring  more 
men  to  deliver  the  materials  in  the  wheelbarrows.  Yet 
this  higher  frame  in  which  the  No.  2  Raiisoine  was 
mounted  ivas  a  frame  previously  built  for,  and  oeeupied 
by,  a  No.  2  Tilting  mixer.  We  shall  have  more  to  say 
about  this  feature  of  low  mounting  versus  high  mounting 
of  concrete  mixers.  The  reader  should  bear  in  mind  in 
neither  of  tliese  tests  did  the  Ransome  mixer  begin  to 
mix  all  it  was  capable  of  mixing.  It  simply  mixed  all 
that  a  given  number  of  men  delivered  to  it.  It  should 
be  noted  that  neither  machine  was  operated  to  its  full 
capacity.  It  shows,  however,  that  a  Ransome  mixer  un- 
der exactly  the  same  conditions  will  exceed  as  to  output 
a  tilting  mixer  of  corresponding  or  even  larger  batch 
capacity. 

(3)  The  third  communication  describes  a  test  of  a 
different  sort,  and  one  for  which  a  concrete  mixer  is 
not  usually  designed.  It  is  significant  as  showing  the 
strength  and  sturdiness  which  contribute  to  the  acknowl- 
edged wearing  qualities  and  freedom  from  breakages  of 
the  Ransome  Mixer. 

'Tn  hauling  the  machine  from  the  car  the  driver  got 
careless  and  drove  too  near  the  edge  of  the  canal,  with 


47 


the  result  that  the  edge  of  the  towing  path  gave  way 
and  the  machine  turned  over  into  the  canal,  a  distance 
of  5  feet,  the  top  of  the  boiler  sticking  in  the  mud  and 
the  truck  in  the  air.  Yesterday  I  started  the  machine 
mixing  concrete,  and  have  not  discovered  any  ill  effects 
from  its  acrobatic  stunt.  I  hope  the  machine  will  make 
concrete  as  well  as  she  can  turn  a  handspring.'' 

(4)  Though  it  is  not  the  usual  practice,  machine  mix- 
ing is  the  most  economic  method  of  making  concrete  for 
pavement  foundations,  but  the  mixer  must  be  the  right 
sort  of  a  mixer,  and  the  method  of  handling  the  concrete 
materials  and  the  mixed  concrete  must  be  of  the  right 
sort.  The  next  letter  is  from  a  contractor  who  is  using 
a  Ransome  mixer  for  paving  work.    It  is  a^  follows : 

'Tn  reply  to  your  letter  of  Sept.  14,  would  say  that 
we  have  no  photograph  of  a  Ransome  Mixer,  but  you 
can  bet  that  we  are  using  one.  In  your  letter  yjou  ask 
whether  or  not  it  was  a  good  machine  for  street  work. 
We  have  only  one  of  these  machines,  and  every  contrac- 
tor in  the  city  is  after  this  machine  and  our  system  of 
laying  concrete.  To  make  this  letter  short :  There  is  no 
other  machine  in  the  United  States  that  can  equal  it  for 
turning  out  work.'' 

(5)  Its  all  around  efficiency  is  the  feature  for  which 
the  Ransome  Mixer  is  praised  by  our  next  correspondent. 

''W e  have  in  use  two  Ransome  Mixers,  one  tilting 
mixer,  two  paddle  mixers  and  three  others.  Each  mixer 
has  its  good  points  and  surpasses  the  others  in  one  or 
more  particulars,  but  if  you  desire  to  use  a  batch  mixer 
with  the  idea  of  discharging  into  wheelbarrows  or  other 
means  of  conveyance  and  want  to  regulate  and  control 
this  discharge,  we  consider  the  Ransome  the  most  de- 
sirable.    Under  other  conditions  and  circumstances 


48 


some  of  the  others  are  better  fitted  than  the  Ransome, 
but  for  all  around  desirability  we  would  give  the  Ran- 
some the  preference/' 

(6)  An  inspector  of  masonry  on  a  large  trunk  line 
railway  writes  for  a  copy  of  the  Ransome  Handbook  of 
Concrete  Machinery  and  says : 

''Your  machine  is  in  use  here  on  work  over  which  I 
am  an  inspector.  The  work  being  done  by  the  machine 
is  so  good  that  a  further  knowledge  than  practically 
gained  appealed  to  me,  hence  my  request  for  the  book. 
The  machine  used  here  is  a  Ys  cubic  yard  mixer,  but,  to 
use  the  vulgar  parlance,  Tt  has  the  others  skinned.'  " 

(7)  Our  concluding  letter  is  from  a  well  known  rail- 
way contractor  in  the  South,  and  it  speaks  for  itself.  It 
is  as  follows : 

''For  the  same  service  the  Ransome  mixer  is  less 
cumbersome  to  handle  than  other  mixers.  The  discharge 
arrangement  is  undoubtedly  superior  to  any  mixer  on 
the  market,  as  the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  batch  can 
be  discharged  without  any  additional  equipment  or  fix- 
tures, which  is  not  true  of  other  mixers.  But  what 
pleased  me  most  in  connection  with  the  mixer  is  that  all 
the  engineers  and  inspectors  are  highly  pleased  with  it. 

Mr.   ,  the  engineer  in  charge  of  our  present  work 

on  the  Southern  railway,  on  which  we  are  using  four 
Ransome  mixers  and  one  of  another  make,  is  highly 
pleased  with  the  Ransome  machine,  and  states  it  is  su- 
perior to  any  concrete  mixer  that  he  has  seen,  as  it  dis- 
tributes the  mixture  much  more  uniformly  than  other 
mixers,  which  is  undoubtedly  a  very  desirable  feature. 

I  will  note  that  Mr.  is  very  conservative,  and  an 

engineer  of  ability,  with  long  years  of  experience  in  the 


49 


business.  The  capacity  or  ability  of  the  Ransome  mixer 
to  turn  out  mixed  concrete  is  simply  governed  by  the 
ability  of  the  forces  to  feed  the  mixer  and  take  care  of 
the  discharge.'' 

Gentlemen: — 

Replying  to  your  favor  of  April  19th,  1907,  would  say 
that  after  careful  consideration  of  the  matter  we  purchased 
a  No.  I  Ransome  Mixer  the  early  part  of  last  season.  This 
machine  has  a  rated  capacity  of  ten  cubic  feet  loose  material 
per  batch,  with  an  output  of  ten  cubic  yards  per  hour. 

We  used  it  all  summer  on  a  job  that  called  for  1:2%  14 
mixture,  using  two  bags  of  cement,  five  feet  of  sand  and 
eight  feet  of  gravel  to  the  batch,  and  have  got  as  much  as 
twenty-five  cubic  yards  per  hour  by  actual  measurement  in 
the  work  out  of  the  machine,  but  were  unable  to  maintain 
this  rate  continuously  for  more  than  an  hour  or  so  at  a 
time  owing  to  the  general  conditions  of  the  work. 

We  do  not  wish  to  place  ourselves  in  the  position  of 
"knocking"  any  particular  make  of  machine,  but  we  have 
no  hesitancy  in  expressing  our  own  preference  for  the  Ran- 
some machine. 

We  expect  to  be  in  the  market  later  on  this  season  for 
a  larger  machine,  and  we  shall  certainly  buy  either  a  No.  2 
or  No.  3  Ransome. 

A  point  that  we  have  considered  as  very  valuable  is  the 
large  excess  power  in  the  boiler  and  engine.  This  feature 
was  very  noticeable  in  the  late  fall,  when  the  thermometer 
was  near  the  freezing  point. 


H 

< 

Eh 


O 

I 


bo 


SI 

Another  strong  point  with  the  machine  is  the  dump, 
which  is  very  rapid. 

Yours  very  truly, 


Gentlemen : 

We  have  just  completed  the  second  season's  work  with 
the  Ransome  Mixer  we  bought  of  you  and  find  that  the 
machine  has  the  following  particular  advantages,  in  that  it 
may  be  operated  with  a  small  force  of  men  to  advantage. 
It  may  be  crowded  to  a  capacity  of  fifteen  to  eighteen  yards 
per  hour,  while  charging  an  operating  force  of  ten  men. 
Engineers  over  our  work  have  been  much  pleased  with  qual- 
ity of  mixture  and  the  bills  of  repairs  have  been  compara- 
tively light.  This  is  a  No.  i  machine,  with  a  guaranteed 
capacity  of  lo  yards  per  hour. 

Yours  truly. 


In  quoting  the  preceding  extracts  from  our  corre- 
spondence we  have  purposely  refrained  from  giving 
the  name  of  persons  and  places  and  other  means  of 
identification  in  some  instances.  To  any  purchaser, 
however,  who  desires  such  proof  of  authenticity,  we 
will  gladly  show  the  originals,  whch  are  on  file  at  our 
main  ofifice.  It  is  perhaps  needless  to  add  that  the 
foregoing  quotations  are  a  few  out  of  hundreds  of 
similar  nature  that  we  have  on  file. 


52 


S3 


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o 
c 


t/3 
C 
© 

C 

CD 


bJ3 

CD 
CO 


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O  T-l  ^  CO 
CO  CO  CO 

> 

O  O  CO 
CO 

cr! 

o  o  o  ^ 

-r-l  1— 1  tH 

H 

'X)  O  00  CO 
T-H  05  CQ  CO 

.5 

CO  GQ  C5  O 
C5  O  O  ^ 
1— 1  1— 1  tH 

•S 

GO  CQ  GO  CO 
tH  C5  CQ  CO 
i-H  ^  T-H  tH 

a 

^^\^\00  \00 

^  iO  00  O 
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p-i 

cn 

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CO  CO  CO  CO 

m 

a 

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1-1  tH  tH  -rH 

ins, 

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1— 1  tH  -I— 1 

w 
U 

f/ts  c'K 

CO  CO  00  CO 

ins. 

l>|0O 

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CO  CO  ^  ^ 

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CO       ^  lO 

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lO  CO  CO  CO 

O  <u 

d-l 

1-1  C5  CO  lO 

54 


55 


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o 


o 
w 

Q 
u 


S  lO  §  S 

CO      CO  o 
tH  CO 
tH  tH  1— I  tH 


1  gggg 

•ti    o  o  Ci  c: 

^      tH  tH  iM  i-H 

C     00       ^  O 
r-l  tH  tH 

«^  ^ 
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C     CO  CO  CO  CO 
-pH  T-H  -I— I  tH 

■iJ   io  lo  ic  io 

Is 


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57 


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c 

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Hoc 

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_,     00  CO 

CO  CO 

2  ^  o 


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CO 


59 


NO.  OF  MIXER 

DIMENSION 

1 
1 

2 

3 

A 

A 

Inches 

54 

Inches 
60 

Inches 
63 

Inches 

69 

B 

36 

42 

48 

54 

C 

30 

36>^ 

42 

D 

21 

21 

24 

24 

E 

5X 

5^ 

5J 

5f 

F 

9^ 

9^ 

9| 

9f 

G 

45  >^ 

48X 

491 

rm 

H 

30K 

33  H 

35% 

37^ 

I 

36M 

39>^ 

41% 

43% 

J 

31/8 

313^ 

31f 

31f 

K 

8X 

131/^ 

15% 

L 

11 

11 

13 

13 

M 

13>^ 

13K 

13% 

N 

44 

50 

56 

62 

0 

41 

42 

45 

47 

P 

5514: 

57>^ 

65 

66% 

Q 

132% 

135^ 

146J 

156% 

*R 

16K 

16^ 

19 

19 

S 

5:iJ 

55% 

57-1- 

59i 

T 

39 

401 

45^/ 

47% 

*u 

12 

12 

12>4 

16 

*v 

19>^ 

22 

34 

w 

28 '4 

31% 

33% 

35% 

*x 

2% 

2% 

3  A" 

2 1"6' 

Y 

10 

10 

10 

10 

*Z 

12 

12 

13% 

21 

*These  dimensions  vary  with  the  style  of  motor  used. 


6i 

Dimensions  of  Ransome  Charging  Hopper. 

(See  Fig.  35.) 


Dimension 

NO.  OF  HOPPER 

1 

2 

3 

4 

A 

2'-10 " 

4'-0'' 

4'.5'^ 

B 

5'-6" 

5'.11'' 

C 

3'-0'^ 

8'-10" 

D 

5'-4>^" 

O'.O" 

(3' -6^" 

Weight,  lbs.  , 

400 

425 

478 

5G5 

$40.00 

$42.50 

$47.50 

S56.50 

When  a  Ransome  Charging  Hopper  is  attached  to 
a  Ransome  Mixer,  an  entire  batch  of  materials  is  fed 
into  the  mixer  at  once  by  simply  pulling  a  lever.  The 
hopper  can  be  loaded  with  materials  while  the  mixer 
is  mixing,  so  that  not  a  moment's  time  is  lost  between 
the  discharge  of  one  batch  and  the  entrance  of  the  next 
batch  into  the  mixer.  Note  especially  how  low  the  top 
of  the  hopper  is  from  the  ground.  The  dimension  B 
in  the  above  table  gives  the  information. 


02 


63 

RANSOME  MIXER  PARTS— 1908  nODEL 
Prices,  Weights  and  Code  Names 


Part 
No. 



Part  Name 

No.  1  Mixer 

No.  2  Mixer 

No.  3  Mixer 

No.  4  Mixer 

Faden 

Fadena 

Fadenat 

raclenata 

1 

Drum  Complete 

lo74  Ids. 

19o7lDS. 

^UoD  IDS. 

oDOO  ItiS. 

$iyb 

$0/oU 

<  0 

Faecon 

Faecana 

Faecanat 

r aecanata 

9 

Liftmg  W mg 

21  lbs. 

29  lbs. 

OO  IDS. 

4:U  IDS. 

•to   /I  A 

vii'o.40 

dfx/l  AA 

l^aehig 

raehiga 

Faehigat 

111/   1  Kc 
11/2  IDS. 

Cpl  .-oU 

Faehigata 

3 

Jc5anle  Wmg 

o  Ids. 

1  A    1  Kr, 

10  Ids. 

1^/2  IDS, 

$1.10 

^l.OU 

Gear  Ring 

Faen 

Faena 

Faenat 

Faenata 

4 

bored  &  turned 

500  lbs. 

586  lbs. 

oUo  IDS. 

1 OOK  1 
1^/CO  IDS. 

C.  &  H. 

d?  OA  OA 

$30.80 

$36.50 

^!^A  An 

$04:.4U 

flC^I  AA 

Plain  Ring 

Fagian 

Fagiana 

l^agianat 

ragianata 

5 

bored  &  turned 

250  lbs. 

300  lbs. 

07U  IDs. 

DOU  IDS. 

C.  &  H. 

$17.50 

jKrjO   A  A 

$22.20 

ion  OA 

<^  A  R  OA 

Fagon 

Fagona 

Fagonat 

Fag'onata 

6 

T7>  1  „   „  J     T  T  J 

b  langed  Head 

121  lbs. 

-tor  lU^ 

165  lbs. 

/i^l  IDs. 

IDS. 

$13.50 

$16  50 

d;OA  AA 

titOft  AA 

Fagran 

Fagrana 

Fagranat 

Fagranata 

7 

Drum  Shell 

330  lbs. 

410  lbs. 

665  lbs. 

OlU  IDS. 

A  OA 

$19.80 

$20.55 

d!  OO  OA 

(E*  /( A  KA 

Fahr 

Fahra 

Fall  rat 

Fahrata 

8 

Feed  Chute 

102  lbs 

102  lbs. 

-i  AO  1  Kf- 

lOo  IDs. 

-f  AO  1 
lUo  IDS. 

1  A  AA 

$10.00 

$10.00 

<t  i  A  AA 
$10.00 

CM  A  AH 

Fakir 

Fakira 

rakirat 

l^akirata 

9 

Discharg. Chute 

80  lbs. 

80  lbs. 

-i  AO  1  K<-. 

lOo  IDs. 

I  AO    1  Kr. 

lUo  IDS. 

$8.00 

$8.00 

dl-H  A  AA 

^10.00 

(Tt>  -<  A  AA 

$10.00 

Fa  lac 

Falaca 

Falacat 

Falacata 

10 

Chute  Support 

29  lbs. 

31  lbs. 

34  lbs. 

35  lbs. 

Falcon 

Falcona 

Fa  Icon  at 

Falconata 

11 

Chute  Journal 

7  34 

7  3-4  lbs. 

7  3-4  lbs. 

7  34  lbs. 

$1.25 

$1.25 

$1.25 

$1.25 

Fa  11  an 

Fa  11  ana 

Fallanat 

Fallanata 

12 

Chute  Hanger 

14  lbs. 

14  lbs. 

14  lbs. 

14  lbs. 

$2.00 

$2.00 

$2.00 

$2.00 

Falleb 

Falleba 

Fallebat 

Fallebata 

13 

Lever  Hub 

10  lbs. 

10  lbs. 

10  lbs. 

10  lbs. 

$1.50 

$1.50 

$1.50 

$1.50 

64 

RANSOHE  niXER  PARTS— 1908  HODEL 
Prices,  Weights  and  Code  Names 


Part 

o 

Part  Name 

No.  1  Mixer 

No,  2  Mixer 

No.  3  MiXEK 

No.  4  Mixer 

Fait 

Falta 

Faltat 

Faltata 

14 

Lever  Arm 

15  lbs. 

15  lbs. 

15  lbs. 

15  lbs. 

$2.00 

$2.00 

$2.00 

$2,00 

15 

Journal  Box 
single 

Falsav 
19  lbs. 

Falsava 
19  lbs. 

Falsavat 
35  lbs. 

Falsavata 
35  lbs. 

$8.00 

$8.00 

$4.50 

$4.50 

16 

Tournal  Box 
double 

Falter 
65  lbs. 
^6.80 

Fa  It  era 
65  lbs. 
$6.00 

Falterat 
100  lbs. 

Falterata 

lUU  IDS 

tf)  00 

Fanais 

t  anaisa 

I*  anaisat 

Fanpic;ata 

X  ctiicLJi  o d  Lev 

17 

Roller  Shaft 

27  lbs. 

83  lbs. 

62  lbs. 

70  lbs. 

$2.00 

$2.25 

$3.75 

$4.20 

Counter  Shaft 

Fan dor 

Fandora 

Fandorat 

Fandorata 

18 

87  lbs. 

44  lbs. 

81  lbs. 

89  lbs. 

Pulley  Drive 

$82.60 

$25 

$5.60 

$6.20 

19 

UUllLCl  OildlL 

Fangot 
27  lbs. 

Fangota 
81  lbs. 

Fangotat 
54  lbs. 

Fangotata 
58  lbs. 

Engine  Drive 

$2.85 

$2.60 

$4.05 

20 

Jack  Shaft 

Fan  tern 

Fanterna 

Fanternat 

Fanternata 

Motor  Drive 

$21.60 

$8  25 

$5.60 

$6.20 

Faral 

Farala 

Faralat 

Faralata 

21 

Roller 

48  lbs. 

43  lbs. 

124  lbs. 

124  lbs. 

$4  25 

$4  25 

$8.25 

$8.25 

Fa  ra  nt 

Faranta 

Farantat 

Farantata 

22 

Grease  Cup 

lib. 

lib. 

1  lb. 

1  lb. 

$0.75 

$0.75 

$0.75 

$0.75 

±  dl  1  dll 

X  dll  cxiici  t 

X  dl  1  dlldLd 

23 

Pinion 

48  lbs. 

30  lbs. 

50  lbs. 

50  lbs. 

Steam  engine 

<^i\  Pin 

"17T2P8"F 

11T2"P3"F 

11T2''P4X'F 

11T2P4^4'F 

24 

Pinion 

Belt  or  Motor 
Drive 

Farin 

Farrina 

Farrinat 

Farrinata 

43  lbs. 
$5.70 

43  lbs. 
$5.70 

87  lbs. 
$10.00 

115  lbs. 
$18.50 

18T2"  P3"F 

13T2P3F 

17T2P3>^F 

17T2P4KF 

25 

Counter  Shaft 
Gear — Engine 
Drive 

Fanas 
184  lbs. 

Fanasa 
145  lbs 

Fanas  at 
219  lbs. 

Fanasata 
219  lbs. 

$15.00 

$16.00 

$19.02 

$19.02 

55T1>4P3)^F 

59TlXP3y2F 

54T1KP4>^2F 

54T1>^P4>^F 

65 

RANSOME  niXER  PARTS— 1908  MODEL 
Prices,  Weights  and  Code  Names 


Part    Part  Name 

No 


No.  1  Mixer  No.  2  Mixer  No.  3  Mixer  No.  4  Mixer 


Counter  Shaft 
Gear — Motor 
Drive 

Jack  Shaft  Pin- 
ion— Motor 
Drive 

Jack  Shaft  Gear 
— Motor  Drive 


Motor  Pinion 

Engine  Gear 
Collar 


Pulley 

Squaring 

Plate— without 

power 
Squaring 

Plate— with 

engine 

Trucks 

per  set 


Fascel 

70  lbs. 

$9.00 
P3XFri33 
Fatac 

19  lbs. 

$4.00 
13T1X  P3F 
Fatig 

112  lbs 

$12.50 
11014P2>^F 
Fatias 
22  lbs. 
$3.75 
28T  4P  2>^F 
Faust 

70  lbs. 

$9  00 
33T1XP3;^F 
Favor 

3  lbs. 

$0.75 
Favul 

55  lbs. 

$5.00 
18x6x1  15-16 
Febric 
225  lbs. 
$15.00 
Febrin 
270  lbs. 
$18.50 
Feb roc 
660  lbs. 

$50.00 


Fascela 

70  lbs. 
$9.00 
33T1X  P3F 

Fataca 

19  lbs. 
$4.00 
13T1XP3F 

Fatiga 

112  hs. 

$12.50 
110T4P2KF 

Fatiasa 

22  lbs. 

$3.75 
28T4P2y2F 

Fausta 

97  lbs. 

$11.50 
45T1XP3>^F 

Favora 

3  lbs. 

$0.75 

Favula 

86  lbs. 

$7.50 
20x10x1  15.16 
Febrica 

242  lbs 

$16.00 

Febrina 
314  lbs. 

$21.50 
Febroca 

660  lbs. 

$50.00 


Fascelat 
219  lbs. 
;^19.0^ 
54T1KP4HF 
Fatacat 
97  lbs. 
$16.50 
21T1>^P5F 
Fatigat 
208  lbs. 
$20.00 
105T3P4F 
Fatiasata 
66  lbs. 
$7.50 
33T3P4F 
Faustat 
192  lbs. 
$18.50 
47X1^^2  P4>^F 
Favorat 
6/2  lbs. 

$1.00 
Favulat 
118  lbs. 
$11.00 
28x10x2  7-16 
Febricat 
261  lbs. 

$18.00 
Febrinat 
349  lbs. 
$24.00 
Febrocat 
660  lbs. 
$50.00 


F 


Fascelata 
219  lbs. 
$19.02 
54T1KP4J 
Fatacata 
97  lbs. 
$11.50 
21T1>^P5F 
Fatigata 
208  lbs. 
$20.00 
105T3P4F 
T^atiasat 
66  lbs. 
$7.50 
33T3P4F 
Faustata 
219  lbs. 
$29.09 
54T1>^P4>^F 
Favorata 
lbs. 
$1.00 
Favulata 
227  lbs. 
$17.80 
32x10x2  7 16 
Febricata 
380  lbs. 
$26.00 
Febrinata 
492  lbs. 
$33.50 
Febrocata 
660  lbs. 
$50.00 


Note-Where  boiler  is  supplied  with  numbers  3  and  4  two  sets  of  trucks  are  required. 


66 


67 

Weights,  Dimensions  and  Capacities  of  Ransome  1908* 
MODEL  CONCRETE  HIXER 


No.  OF  Mixer 

1 

2 

3 

4 

I  \^ClIlCliL 

i       iU  L,U. 

9     90  f>n 
,0     /OU  LU. 

3  30  cu. 

A  AO  rii 

4    4U  LU. 

Qwck  of  Ticifr'Vi     /  ^dnn 

01Z.C  yjy.  XJcltdl      \  OcLlUJ. 

3  ft. 

(\  ft 
U     i  L. 

Q  ft 

J     i  L. 

12  ft. 

V  Stone 

total 

U         LU  Udl 

19  totQl 

i/V  LULdl 

18  tottal 
iO  LUldl 

94.  totp  1 

C^rnri PI tv  DPr  \\x  c\^  vH*^ 

10 

20 

30 

40 

/A  < 

OAO 

t/Aa 

1— i/^T*Cfi    P^iTiT'fi'i'      i   T?  o  fori 
-IjUJI  aC   JTUWCl  XvclLCU. 

i  h.-p. 

1 0  h  r» 

iU  n,-p. 

14  n  -p. 

90  h  n 
/OU  11.  -  p. 

CU.            \  JJUllCl 

QfivQO 

OUAOi/ 

zl9y  7"^ 

A  /  0 

4^AO  t 

48x93 

rvdLcu. 

ii/  11. -p. 

iu  11. -p. 

90  V» 

^0  h  -n 
oyj  11.  p. 

opccu  ui  ijrum 

rev.  per  minute 

1  n 
10 

1  ^ 
10 

14: /2 

1zL 

14 

opeeQ  oi  uriving  onaii 

rpv   'npt*  minnfp 

116 

122 

19 

J_-/ld,lll.  Ui  J-^/llVlIlg  OiJclll 

i         iU  iU 

1  I'^-i^^ 
i  10-io 

9  7  1 
/Ci  <  -1 U 

97-1 

/O  4  iU 

Diam   of  Drix/ino"  PnllpAr 

18x6 

20x10 

28x10 

36x11 

iViedsurenieniiS  oi  JLTuni 

04  uiam. 

no  rliQ  i-n 
OU  Uldlll. 

00  Qiam, 

DtJ  Uldlll. 

AOU 

y49 

A^O 

x54 

1  iiiv^Kiicbh  Oi  iridic  01 

Drum 

3 

1  6 

3-16 

/4 

/A 

T~rpio^Vi  t  f  rnm  t  nr»  nf  fra  m  p 

LU  l^CliLCI    Ui   U.I  U.111 

^1  1/ 
01/2 

0072 

OU 

n.Clgll  L  il  UIIl  Lup  Ui  irdiiic 

LU  l.Up  Ui   iCCU.  CllLlLC 

Oi 

04 

00 /2 

T~r  PiO"Vi  t  "f  t*OTY»  tor*  "^f  f  rci  m  p 

AACigllLil  UlU  LU^  «Ji  ildiilC 

LU  CllU.  Ui    L.I1ULC  LllIsLIirg. 

Q 

11^ 

1  A 
14 

iO/2 

rieigni  irom  top  oi  irame 

I'O'O 0 T     n  Q  1*0*1  Ti or  Vir^r^t^or* 
HJ  LUpUi  Ulldi  gllJg  llUppCI 

0  1 

uu 

71 
<  1 

7^^ 

1  OLdiucpLnoiwooQ  irme 

1  0^ 

1  A  3/ 

lu  ?4 

103/ 

VV  ClgllLUi  iVilACI  Ull  OK.lU.b 

^Qf^O 

0*J\ '17 

noQ'ii 

UUt/O 

U  i  OU 

r^T*0<5<i  WPlcrVif  V>oypH  for 
VJl^Joo    WClgllL    UUACU  i(II 

expori 

/I  QHrt 

4<  <U 

7^0^^ 
i  ovo 

7^^00 

4  UvU 

Cubic  measurement 

on  rvi  r*  too  + 
iCCL 

91 

9^0 

^9'i; 

O/CO 

S70 
0 1  u 

\A/ofO'r\'f       T"     A^tvo-t*       »-k  ^ 

VV  eiJ^nL  01  iViixer  ana 

J-«iiglliC  Ull  oKlU-b 

^^900 

0  /  Uv 

7Q'iiO 
i  aO\J 

9450 

vii usa  wcigiiL  uuAcu.  ior 

export 

OiUU 

oouu 

O'^'^O 
VJOOU 

1 1  700 
1 1 J  /  uu 

Cubic  measurement 

cubic  feet 

270 

340 

425 

500 

Weight  of  Mixer,Engine 

and  Boiler  on  skids 

7070 

7700 

12,450 

14.000 

Gross  weight  boxed  for 

export 

8200 

9400 

14,450 

17,000 

Cubic  measurement 

cubic  feet 

350 

440 

600 

700 

^  If  mounted  on  trucks  add  650  lbs.  With  numbers  3  and  4  supplied  with  boilers 
two  sets  of  trucks  are  required. 


69 


Ransome's  Pivot  Charging  Hopper. — This  device 
facilitates  charging  the  mixer  and  ehminates  all  neces- 
sity for  stageing.  The  machine  as  shown  is  entirely 
self  contained  and  the  material  is  fed  into  the  hopper 
direct  from  wheelbarrows  or  by  shovels,  Fig.  38. 

The  hopper  is  hoisted  by  means  of  a  small  fric- 
tion drum  mounted  on  the  frame  of  the  mixer.  With 
this  device  a  batch  can  be  fed  to  the  mixer  in  20  sec- 
onds covering  the  time  required  to  hoist  the  material 
and  lower  the  hopper  to  the  ground  for  the  next  batch. 

It  can  be  detached  from  the  machine  by  removing 
a  few  bolts. 

THE  RANSOriE  CART  MIXER. 

(Patent  applied  for.) 

This  mixer,  Figs.  39  to  41,  is  designed  especially 
for  such  work  as  concrete  foundations  for  pavements, 
cement  sidewalks,  cellar  floors,  basement  walls  for 
buildings,  small  culverts  and  retaining  walls,  mixing 
mortar  for  residences,  etc.  The  machine  consists  of 
the  well  known  Ransome  Cart,  upon  which  a  hood  is 
clamped  fast  to  the  body  of  the  cart  forming  a  closed 
chamber  in  which  the  concrete  is  mixed.  The  method 
of  operation  is  briefly  as  follows: 

The  cart  is  wheeled  to  the  material  pile  and  filled 
with  the  proper  proportions  of  stone,  sand  and  ce- 
ment. The  cart  is  then  wheeled  to  the  mixing  frame 
and  water  added.  The  hood  is  next  lowered  over  the 
cart  and  clamped  thereto,  and  the  suspension  hook  is 
disengaged.  The  cart  body  and  contents  are  then  re- 
volved by  hand  crank  or  by  power,  fifteen  revolutions 


70 


\ 


71 

being  sutticient  to  secure  a  good  mix.  The  suspen- 
sion hook  is  then  engaged  with  the  eye  of  the  hood, 
which  is  raised  clear  of  the  cart  by  the  foot  lever.  The 
cart  is  then  wheeled  to  the  place  where  the  concrete 
is  to  be  deposited  and  dumped.  It  will  be  seen  that 
there  is  only  one  handling  of  the  concrete  materials 
in  this  process,  namely  when  they  are  loaded  into  the 
cart.  From  that  time  on,  the  materials  remain  in  the 
cart  until  they  are  delivered  in  the  form  of  mixed 
concrete. 

It  will  also  be  seen  that  the  materials  are  not  car- 
ried up  a  runway  nor  otherwise  elevated  to  get  them 
into  a  mixer.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  cart  body  is 
revolved  during  the  process  of  mixing,  the  revolution 
taking  place  around  the  axle  of  its  own  wheels.  The 
revolution  is  effected  through  a  pin  projecting  from 
the  reduction  gear  which  engages  a  stub  crank  on 
the  cart  axle.  Two  men  can  readily  operate  the 
crank  that  revolves  the  mixer ;  but,  where  the  quantity 
of  concrete  to  be  placed  justifies  it,  a  small  gasoline 
engine  or  an  electric  motor  will  be  furnished,  and 
several  mixing  frames  can  be  operated  at  one  time 
with  the  same  power.  Two  men  can  readily  mix  a 
batch  of  4  to  6  cu.  ft.  of  loose  materials  in  two  minutes, 
including  the  time  of  clamping  on  and  removing  the 
hood.  If  the  average  batch  is  5  cu.  ft.  of  loose  materi- 
als, this  is  equivalent  to  3  cu.  ft.  of  solid  concrete,  or 
one-ninth  cubic  yard  per  batch,  for  each  cart  mixer 
used. 

The  following  gang  will  turn  out  30  cu.  yds.  in  to 

Percu.yd. 

3  men  loading  materials  into  cart  $0.15 


73 


2  men  mixing   

I  man  wheeling  to  place  and  spreading 


o.  lO 


0.05 


Total 


$0.30 


It  costs  next  to  nothing  to  move  the  mixer  from 
place  to  place,  which  is  of  great  importance  in  many 
kinds  of  work,  such  as  street  foundations,  sidewalks  and 
wherever  a  comparatively  small  yardage  of  concrete 
is  to  be  placed  at  one  spot.  A  Ransome  cart,  hold- 
ing 6  cu.  ft.  of  loose  materials,  is  readily  hauled  by 
one  man.  See  page  75.  Hence  the  cost  of  transporting 
the  concrete  even  several  hundred  feet  from  the  mixer 
is  very  slight. 

The  Ransome  Cart  Mixer  is  unquestionably  the 
only  economic  hand  mixer  ever  put  on  the  market. 
With  power  attached,  and  by  running  several  mixing 
frames  at  one  time,  it  becomes  even  more  economic 
where  the  amount  of  concrete  to  be  placed  warrants 
the  purchase  of  a  somewhat  more  expensive  outfit. 

The  following  are  the  weights  and  prices  of  the 
Ransome  Cart  Mixer  without  gasoline  or  electric 
power : 

Weight  of  Cart,  Hood  and  Frame,  850  lbs. 
Gross  weight  of  Cart,  Hood  and  Frame,  boxed  for 
export,  1,000  lbs. 

Cubic  measurements,  30  cu.  ft. 

Price  complete  of  Hood,  Frame  and  one  Cart, 
$200. 

Extra  carts,  each,  $40. 
Weight  of  cart  only  280  lbs. 

Price  with  gasoline  or  electric  power  quoted  on  ap- 
plication. 


75 


Ransome  Concrete  Carts.  Patented  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada.  —  Concrete  is  ordinarily  car- 
ried in  wheelbarrows  from  the  mixer  to  the  place 
of  deposit.  A  wheelbarrow  holding  two  cubic  feet 
of  concrete  is  an  exceedingly  heavy  load,  and  where 
the  concrete  is  very  wet,  a  load  of  one  cubic  foot  is 
not  uncommon,  since  the  ordinary  steel  or  wooden  bar- 
row has  a  shallow  bowl,  which  allows  the  wet  concrete 


Fig-.    42 — RANSOME    CONCRETE  CART. 

to  flow  over  its  sides.  To  reduce  the  cost  of  trans- 
porting concrete,  we  have  designed  an  all-steel  cart, 
that  holds  six  cubic  feet,  water  measure.  One  man 
can  push  or  pull  this  cart  over  a  plank  runway,  even 
when  the  cart  is  level  full  of  concrete.  In  other  words, 
one  man  transports  from  three  to  six  times  as  much 
concrete  as  he  could  transport  in  a  wheelbarrow. 


76 


There  are  three  reasons  why  this  remarkable  result 
is  secured  by  the  use  of  Ransome  Concrete  Carts. 
The  first  reason  is  that  the  wheels  of  the  cart  are 
much  larger  than  the  wheel  of  a  wheelbarrow,  and  cor- 
respondingly easy  running.  The  second  reason  is  that 
no  weight  comes  on  the  man,  as  with  a  wheelbarrow, 
and  he  is  free  to  use  all  his  strength  in  pushing  or 
pulling  the  cart.  The  third  reason  is  that  no  concrete 


Fig.   43 — RANSOME  CONCRETE  CART, 
Dumping-  on  a  Pavement  or  Floor. 

is  slopped  onto  the  run-planks  where  these  carts  are 
used,  and  it  takes  half  the  effort  to  push  a  cart  over 
clean  planks  that  it  does  over  dirty  planks. 

In  addition  to  this  advantage  of  larger  loads  hauled 
per  man,  there  is  an  important  economic  advantage  in 
being  able  to  discharge  the  batch  from  a  concrete 


77 


mixer  in  much  less  time  where  carts  are  used  than 
where  wheelbarrows  are  used.  In  fact,  a  mixer  can 
be  discharged  into  these  carts  in  one-third  the  time  re- 
quired with  wheelbarrows. 

In  laying  the  concrete  base  for  pavements,  or  in 
lining  reservoir  bottoms,  or  in  building  the  floors  of 
reinforced  concrete  buildings,  we  have  found  it  desir- 
able to  design  the  cart  so  that  its  bowl  can  be  com- 


Pig-.     44 — RANSOME     CONCRETE  CART, 
With  Handles  Reversed. 

pletely  inverted  when  it  is  dumped.  The  handle  can 
then  be  thumped  down  hard  on  the  ground  or  run- 
plank  so  as  to  jar  out  any  concrete  tending  to  stick 
inside. 

When  the  cart  is  used  for  charging  a  mixer,  or  for 
filling  wall  forms  with  concrete,  we  have  found  it  ad- 


78 


visable  to  reverse  the  handles  to  the  other  end  of  the 
cart.  Then  when  it  is  dumped,  the  projecting  nose  ot 
the  bowl  strikes  the  end  of  the  runway  and  jars  the 
materials  out,  see  Fig.  45. 

Although  these  carts  have  been  on  the  market  but 
a  short  time,  they  are  extensively  used  by  such  well- 
known  contractors  as  Frank  B.  Gilbreth,  of  New 
York  ;  Thomas  Holahan,  of  Rochester ;  The  lExpanded 


Fig-.  45 — RANSOME  CONCRETE  CART, 
With  Handles  Reversed,   Dumping  into  a  Wall  or  Pit. 

Metal  Fireproofing  Company,  of  Pittsburg,  and  others. 
The  duplicate  orders  that  we  are  receiving  demon- 
strate the  fact  that  the  carts  are  saving  money  for  the 
contractors  using  them.  One  of  these  contractors 
writes  us  as  follows : 

''Regarding  the  concrete  carts  purchased  of  you 
last  June,  they  are  undoubtedly  the  greatest  labor  sav- 


79 


ing  device  for  conveying  concrete  by  hand  that  1  ever 
heard  of.  On  one  job  at  Saco,  Maine,  I  used  a  set  of 
these  carts  for  over  forty  days'  continuous  work, 
and  by  their  use,  v^as  able  to  get  along  v^ith  seven 
men  less,  who  were  getting  two  (2)  dollars  per  day 
each,  and  get  more  work  done  in  a  day.  We  found 
that  a  little  time  spent  in  laying  solid  runs  for  the 
carts  to  travel  on  was  all  that  was  required  to  enable 
a  workman  to  handle  a  full  cartload  or  six  cubic  feet. 
This  would  be  about  four  ordinary  wheelbarrows  full, 
as  under  the  best  conditions  it  is  only  possible  to 
wheel  cubic  feet  of  wet  concrete  in  a  barrow.  The 
result  of  the  use  of  the  carts,  from  every  standpoint, 
was  way  beyond  our  expectations,  and  we  are  now 
using  them  for  handling  all  concrete  that  was  formerly 
handled  in  the  old-fashioned  wheelbarrow.'' 

The  Labor  Cost  of  a  Concrete  Base  for  a  Brick 
Pavement,  Using  Ransome  Carts. — A  paving  contrac- 
tor who  is  using  a  No.  2  Ransome  Mixer  cu.  yd. 
concrete  per  batch)  has  given  us  the  following  record 
of  the  actual  average  cost  on  several  jobs  of  street 
work.  The  organization  of  the  gang  and  the  wages 
paid  are  given  in  detail:  p^^.  -q^^ 

10  men  loading  and  wheeling  stone,  at  $1.50.  .  $15.00 


4  men  loading  and  wheeling  sand    6.00 

2  men  handling  cement    3.00 

I  fireman    2.00 

I  man  dumping  mixer   1.50 

5  men  wheeling  Ransome  Carts   7.50 

3  men  spreading  and  ramming   4.50 

I  foreman    3.50 

Total  per  day    $43.00 


8o 


This  gang  averaged  i8o  cu.  yds.,  or  i,o8o  sq,  yds.  of 
concrete  base  (6  ins.  thick)  per  day,  which  is  eqiva- 
lent  to  24  cents  per  cu.  yd.  for  mi:?^ng,  placing  and 
ramming  the  concrete.  The  cost  of  fuel,  etc.,  added 
about  I  cent  per  per  cu.  yd.  more,  making  a  total  of 
25  cents.  The  extreme  haul  of  the  concrete  from  the 
mixer  was  500  ft.  Hence  the  mixer  was  not  shifted 
until  a  stretch  of  street  1,000  ft.  long  had  been  built. 
The  Ransome  Two-Wheel  Concrete  Push-Carts  made 
it  possible  for  five  men  to  handle  the  output  of  the 
mixer.  The  contractor  laid  two  lines  of  run-plank 
for  the  wheels  of  these  carts  to  travel  on,  so  that  one 
man  could  push  a  cart  holding  6  cu.  ft.  of  concrete. 
The  men  had  to  "hustle''  on  the  long  haul,  but  had  a 
very  easy  time  of  it  when  the  haul  was  short.  The 
stone  and  sand  were  delivered  to  the  mixer  from 
stock  piles,  using  wheelbarrows.  There  was  no  ''loaf- 
ing" on  this  work,  but  it  demonstrates  that  hand  mix- 
^ing  cannot  compete  with  machine  mixing,  even  on 
street  work,  provided  a  Ransome  machine  and  Ran- 
some Concrete  Carts  are  used. 

Street  work,  as  is  well  known,  is  the  most  unfavor- 
able class  of  work  for  the  use  of  concrete  mixers 
economically,  because  of  the  large  area  over  which  a 
small  quantity  of  concrete  must  be  placed.  The  use 
of  Ransome  Push  Carts  (see  page  54)  with  Ransome 
Mixers  has  enabled  us  to  solve  the  problem  of  mixing 
and  placing  concrete  in  streets  economically  as  above 
shown.  For  comparison  we  may  add  that  where 
wages  are  $1.50  a  day,  a  very  common  cost  for  the 
labor  of  mixing  and  placing  concrete  by  hand  in  street 
work  is  75  cents  per  cu.  yd.  of  concrete ;  and  it  is 


8i 

rarely  that  the  labor  cost  is  as  low  as  50  cents  per 
cu.  yd.  It  will  be  seen  that  a  street  contractor  who 
owns  a  Ransome  Mixer  and  Ransome  Push  Carts  can 
save  25  to  50  cents  per  cu.  yd.  over  hand  work.  More- 
over, the  Ransome  Mixer  can  be  used  for  making 
concrete  for  retaining  walls,  cellar  walls,  cement  side- 
walks, and  any  other,  class  of  work  demanding  the 
most  thorough  mixing.  Whereas  the  ''continuous 
mixers"  used  for  street  work  are  good  for  nothing 
else,  and  are  not  as  good  as  a  Ransome  even  in  street 
construction. 

Ransome  Steel  Tray  Mortar  Barrow. — A  trial  or- 
der will  convince  you  that  this  is  the  best  mortar  bar- 
row that  has  ever  been  made.  While  it  is  not  ex- 
tremely heavy,  you  will  find  that  all  of  the  weak  fea- 
tures usually  found  in  mortar  barrows  have  been  elim- 
inated. Observe  (Fig.  46)  the  heavy  angle  steel  legs, 
also  the  wheels  which  are  of  extra  quality.  The  axle 
bearings  are  heavy  and  being  placed  under  handles 
do  not  weaken  handles  at  that  point.  Tray  made  of 
No.  15  steel,  edge  rolled  over  5-16  inch  steel  rod;  size 
of  tray  on  top,  28  inches  wide  by  36  inches  long,  on 
bottom  20  inches  wide  by  21  inches  long,  depth  at  front 
18^  inches,  at  back  9  inches;  capacity,  4^/^  cubic 
feet.     Per  dozen  $55.00. 

Angle  Leg  Steel  Tray  Barrow. — This  barrow  (Fig. 
47)  is  intended  to  supply  the  demand  where  a  general 
purpose  barrow  is  needed.  The  projection  of  the  han- 
dles beyond  the  wheel  make  it  dump  forward  very 
easily  and  at  the  same  time  this  does  not  prevent  the 
barrow  being  used  for  side  dump.  The  tray  is  made 
of  number  14  steel,  pressed,  without  seams  or  rivets. 
Size  of  tray  on  top  29  inches  wide  by  35  inches  long. 
Capacity  4  cubic  feet.    Per  dozen,  $50.00. 


82 


84 


Figr.  48 — RANSOME  CHARGING  BARROW. 


RANSOME  CHARGING  BARROW 


CAPACITY 

WEIGHT 

PRICK 

3  cubic  feet 

145 

$10,00 

4  cubie  feet 

I52 

12,00 

5  cubic  feet 

i6o 

14.00 

85 


Ransome  Charging  Barrows  and  How  They  Can 
Be  Elevated  With  a  Sprocket  Chain. — The  Ransome 
Two-Wheel  Charging  Barrow  is  shown  in  Fig.  48.  The 
barrow  is  made  entirely  of  steel  and  iron,  and  has  a 
capacity  of  3  to  6  cn.  ft.,  according  to  the  size  ordered. 
This  barrow  is  much  better  than  the  ordinary  wheel- 
barrow for  delivering  materials  to  a  Ransome  Mixer, 
not  only  because  it  holds  more  material,  but  because 
it  is  dumped  by  tipping  forward  instead  of  sidewise, 
and,  in  consequence,  does  not  spill  any  of  the  materials 
on  the  platform.  A  Ransome  Charging  Barrow 
weighs  less  than  a  Ransome  Concrete  Push  Cart,  and 
is  consequently  to  be  preferred  where  the  material 
must  be  wheeled  up  a  steep  runway.  Moreover,  by 
using  a  sprocket  chain  and  sprocket  wheels  (one  at 
the  top  and  one  at  the  bottom  of  the  incHued  runway), 
the  engine  that  drives  the  mixer  can  be  used  to  keep 
this  sprocket  chain  in  constant  motion.  Then  if  you 
have  a  prong  riveted  to  the  rear  face  of  the  Ransome 
Charging  Barrow,  this  prong  will  catch  on  the 
sprocket  chain,  and  the  chain  will  carry  the  charging 
barrow  up  the  incline.  This  enables  a  man  to  wheel 
three  times  as  big  a  load  of  stone  up  a  steep  incline 
as  is  possible  with  an  ordinary  wheelbarrow.  The 
sprocket  chain  and  sprocket  wheels  cost  next  to  noth- 
ing, and  can  be  driven  by  any  Ransome  Engine  that 
drives  a  Ransome  Mixer.  Fig.  49  shows  a  plant 
arrangement  in  which  a  sprocket  chain  is  used  foi 
elevating  barrows, 


86 


Fig.   493^— RANSOME   HOIST  BUCKET. 


Raosome  Concrete  Hoist^Bucket 


No.  1— 

lOcu.  ft. 

No,  2—20  cu.  ft. 

No.  3—30  cu,  ft. 

No.  4—40  cu.  ft. 

Weight 

Price 

Weight 

Price 

Weight 

Price 

Weight 

Price 

l^bs. 

$60.00 

I^bs. 

I.bs. 

Lbs. 

Bucket  complete  -  - 

500 

550 

$65.00 

650 

$75.00 

750 

$85.00 

Bail  only 

130 

14.00 

140 

15.00 

160 

17,00 

180 

19.00 

Trunnion 

50 

5,00 

75 

7.50 

80 

8.00 

115 

11,50 

Front  Brace 

18 

1.00 

12 

1.30 

18 

2,00 

25 

2.60 

Rear  Brace 

8 

1.00 

12 

1.30 

18 

2.00 

25 

2.60 

Cross  Brace 

10^ 

1.10 

13 

1.40 

22 

2.30 

36 

3.60 

Nose  Piece 

35 

3.50 

30 

5.00 

65 

6.50 

80 

8.00 

Sheave  Wheel,  42  in. 

200 

15.00 

200 

15.00 

200 

15.00 

200 

15.00 

Sheave  Wheel  Jour- 

20 

2.75 

20 

2.75 

20 

2.75 

20 

2,75 

nal  Box 

87 


The  Ransome  Hoist  Bucket  for  Hoisting  Concrete 
and  Materials,  Patented  March  4,  1902. — The  materials 
u.sed  in  making  concrete,  as  well  as  the  concrete  itself, 
must  be  frequently  hoisted.  In  such  cases  the  bucket 
shown  in  Fig.  49^  can  be  profitably  used.  This  bucket 
is  designed  to  slide  up  and  down  in  a  light  timber 
framework,  and  to  dump  automatically  when  it  reaches 
the  proper  place  to  dump.  Hence  there  is  no  necessity 
of  having  a  man  to  dump  the  bucket — it  dumps  itself 
by  gravity. 

As  will  be  seen  by  studying  the  drawing,  Fig.  51, 
the  bucket  tips  forward  to  dump.  This  forward  tip- 
ping occurs  because  the  front  guide  in  the  hoisting 
tower  is  sawed  ofif  at  the  place  where  it  is  desired  to 
have  the  bucket  dump.  The  bucket  rights  itself  again 
automatically  as  soon  as  it  begins  to  descend.  As  just 
stated,  this  bucket  may  be  used  either  to  raise  the  sand, 
stone  and  cement  to  the  concrete  mixer,  or  to  raise  the 
concrete  from  the  mixer  to  the  place  of  deposit.  Fig. 
51  shows  a  plant  used  in  erecting  many  reinforced  con- 
crete buildings,  where  the  concrete  must  be  raised  to 
the  dififerent  floors  of  the  building  as  the  building  rises. 
The  bucket  dumps  into  small  concrete  bins,  from 
which  the  concrete  is  drawn  off  into  Ransome  Push 
Carts  and  hauled  to  place. 

The  bottom  of  the  bucket  is  curved  in  such  a  way 
that  the  material  does  not  roll  out,  but  slides  out,  there- 
by scouring  the  bottom  of  the  bucket  clean. 

One  contractor  has  devised  an  ingenious  method  of 
automatically  discharging  the  concrete  from  .the  mixer 
into  the  bucket.  He  has  fastened  a  long  counterbal- 
anced lever  to  the  discharge  chute,  in  such  a  way  that 
the  descending  bucket  strikes  the  lever  and  tilts  the 


Fig.    50— RANSOME   FRICTION   HOIST  CRAB. 
Can  be  Attached  to  any  Engine. 


chute,  thus  discharging  the  concrete.  As  the  bucket 
ascends,  the  counterweight  tips  the  discharge  chute 
back  so  that  no  concrete  can  come  out.  This  saves 
having  a  man  to  operate  the  discharge  chute. 


89 

Ransome  Friction  Hoist  Crab  Table  of  Data 


Hoist  No.  1 


Patten 


Hoist  Crab  Complete. 

Eccentric  Box   a86 

Eccentric   a89 

Eccentric  Strap .... 

Friction  Wheel   aOO 

Brake  Block   a87 

Journal  Box  2x1  •  •  • 

„  2/6   a39 

;\     "  lit   a41 

Hoisting  Drum   350 

Pinion   053 

Gear   044 

Sprocket  Wheel   88 

Lever  ,  . 

Driving  Shaft  

Intermediate  Shaft .  . 

Drum  Shaft  

Fibre  Friction  

Speed  of  Driving  Shaft 
Will  lift  75  feet  per  m. 
Horse- power  required 


Weight 
lbs. 


F'rice 


iUoU 

Cpl-oO  uu 

o  ou 

1  / 

0  uu 

Q 

O 

/C  ou 

iUo 

ft  HA 
o  UU 

10 

^  UU 

33 

4  50 

17K 

2  75 

232 

20  00 

16K 

2  50 

140 

8  50 

50 

4  75 

63 

3  50 

36 

3  00 

28 

2  60 

44 

3  40 

25 

5  00 

203 

R.P.M. 

3500 

Pounds 

12 

H.P. 

Hoist  No.  2 


Pattern 

Weight 
lbs. 

Price 

1520 

$150  00 

a79 

32 

4  50 

a81 

28 

6  75 

a80 

10 

2  75 

a82 

170 

12  00 

a83 

25 

3  00 

a85 

45 

5  00 

a39 

33 

4  50 

a41 

17^ 

2  75 

350 

232 

20  00 

a84 

21 

3  00 

a45 

214 

12  20 

88 

50 

4  75 

63 

3  50 

37 

3  05 

48 

3  50 

65 

4  45 

32 

6  00 

216 

R.P.M. 

6000 

Pounds 

20 

H.P. 

Fig-  49^  shows  a  Ransome  Bucket  used  to  hoist 
the  broken  stone  and  sand  to  bins  that  feed  into  the 
Ransome  Mixer.  In  any  case,  these  buckets  are  great 
money  savers,  and  by  using  a  Ransome  Friction  Hoist 
Crab  (see  Fig.  50),  the  same  engine  that  drives  the 
concrete  mixer  can  be  used  to  hoist  the  bucket. 

This  hoist  can  be  attached  to  any  engine,  and  is  es- 
pecially useful  in  connection  with  the  engine  that 
drives  a  Ransome  Concrete  Mixer.  By  means  of  a 
sprocket  wheel  and  chain,  this  crab  hoist  can  be  geared 


90 


91 


to  any  engine,  and,  when  so  geared,  is  ready  for  hoist- 
ing purposes.  This  crab  was  originally  designed  by 
Mr.  E.  L.  Ransome  for  use  on  the  contract  work  of 
Ransome  &  Smith  Co.,  Concrete  Engineers.  In  erect- 
ing buildings  and  other  structures  made  of  concrete, 
the  crab  hoist  serves  admirably  for  raising  bucketsful 
of  concrete  or  other  materials.  One  lever  gives  the 
operator  perfect  control  over  the  hoisting  drum.  If 
desired,  the  crab  hoist  can  be  run  by  an  electric  motor, 
and,  in  fact,  that  was  the  method  used  by  Ransome  & 
Smith  Co.  in  erecting  the  large  reinforced  concrete  fac- 
tory buildings  for  the  Foster-Armstrong  Piano  Fac- 
tory, at  Despatch,  near  Rochester,  N.  Y.  On  other 
work  of  a  similar  character,  however,  the  Ransome 
Crab  Hoist  has  been  geared  directly  to  the  engine  used 
to  drive  the  concrete  mixer ;  and,  because  of  the  low 
price  of  the  crab  hoist,  it  is  likely  that  many  contractors 
will  find  it  particularly  useful  for  just  such  work. 

Hoists  No.  I  and  No.  2  are  designed  for  short  lifts 
only  and  their  drums  will  handle  200  feet  of  cable  only. 
For  long  lifts  crab  No.  3  should  be  used.  This  crab 
(Fig.  52)  will  handle  500  feet  of  inch  cable,  and  has 
a  capacity  of  8,000  pounds.  Operated  with  15  H.  P., 
it  will  lift  2,300  pounds  at  150  feet  per  minute,  when 
driven  at  193  revolutions  per  minute  of  the  driving 
shaft.    The  list  price  of  the  No.  3  crab  is  $250.00. 

Ransome  Wire  Rope. — Ransome  Hoisting  Rope  is 
made  of  steel,  6  strands  of  19  wires  to  the  strand, 
with  a  hemp  center.  Ransome  &  Smith  Co.  have  used 
this  rope  for  years  in  their  contracting  business,  and 
have  found  that  one  Ransome  Rope  will  outlast  four 
ropes  of  any  other  make.  The  flexibility  of  Ransome 
Wire  Rope  is  a  feature  that  impresses  a  contractor 


92 


as  being  remarkable  by  contrast  with  the  stiffness  of 
the  wire  rope  of  other  makes.  This  flexibility  is  what 
accounts  in  part  for  the  long  life  of  Ransome  Rope, 
even  under  such  severe  usage  as  occurs  when  the  rope 
passes  around  small  sheaves.  But  the  steel  used  in 
making  the  wire  is  of  special  quality,  designed  to  resist 
the  abrasive  action  that  occurs  when  one  wire  of  a 
strand  rubs  on  its  neighbor.  This  rubbing  is  bound  to 
occur  whenever  a  wire  rope  is  bent,  as  in  passing 
around  a  sheave  or  drum.    Wires  in  ropes  made  of  or- 


Ransome  Wire  Hoisting  Rope 

Nineteen  Wires  to  the  Strand  Hemp  Center 


Telegraph  Name 

Diameter  'in 
inches 

Price  per  foot 
in  cents 

Approximate 
breaking  strain 
in  tons  of 
2000  lbs. 

Average  weight 
per foot 

n 

7 

0.22 

^/ 

16>^ 

12/ 

0.39 

% 

22/ 

20 

0.62 

H 

30 

29 

0.89 

39 

36 

1.20 

Magic  

1 

49 

50 

1.58 

Magnate  

1/8 

57/ 

60 

2.00 

Maid  

IK 

71/ 

76 

2.50 

Major;  

1/8 

90 

96 

3.00 

Malice  

1/ 

109 

113 

3.55 

Mallet  

IK 

166 

157 

5.00 

Maltrese  

2 

181 

191 

6.30 

2/ 

229 

238 

8.00 

275 

266 

10.00 

2H 

330 

315 

12.00- 

93 

dinary  steel  soon  wear  thin,  because  of  this  repeated 
rubbing  on  one  another  as  they  pass  over  sheaves  and 
drums,  and  then  they  break.  But  due  to  the  special 
quality  of  the  steel  used  in  making  Ransome  Wire 
Ropes,  coupled  with  the  method  of  making  the  rope 
so  as  to  gixe  extreme  flexibility,  we  are  able  to  offer  a 
rope  that  will  outlast  anything  of  its  kind  several  times 
over.  The  wire  used  in  making  Ransome  Ropes  is 
carefully  tested  for  elongation,  torsion  and  tensile 
strength.  Hence  there  is  no  variation  in  the  quality 
of  our  ropes.  Every  rope  turned  out  by  us  is  as  good 
as  every  other  rope  we  make — always  dependable  and 
always  durable.  It  will  pay  you  to  give  Ransome  Rope 
a  trial. 


Pig-.  53 — RANSOME  GATE  FOR  BOTTOM  OF  BIN. 
Weight  150  lbs.     List  Price,  $18.00. 

Ransome  Bin  Gates. — There  are  three  styles  of 
Ransome  Bin  Gates.  The  one  shown  above  is  designed 
for  use  where  stone  or  sand  are  to  be  discharged 
through  the  bottom  of  a  bin.  On  the  following  page  are 
two  different  types  of  gates;  one  for  use  on  sand  or 
stone  bins,  where  the  discharge  is  from  the  side  of  the 


Fig.  55— RANSOME  GATE  FOR  CONCRETE  HOPPER. 
Weight,    150   lbs.     List   Price,  $17.00. 


95 


bin ;  the  other  for  use  on  a  concrete  bin  or  hopper.  This 
last  named  gate  is  provided  with  a  cross  plate  in  front, 
which  prevents  fluid  concrete  from  slopping  out  when 
the  gate  is  being  closed. 

The  Ransome  Water  Measuring  Tank  Used  in  Con- 
crete Mixing. — An  automatic  device  for  delivering  the 
exact  amount  of  water  required  for 
each  batch  of  concrete  is  shown  in  the 
accompanying  illustration.  The  water 
from  the  supply  pipe  enters  at  A,  and 
passes  up  through  the  threaded  pipe 
D  into  the  tank.  The  float  C  closes  a 
valve  where  the  tank  is  full  of 
water.  Upon  opening  a  valve  B  (and 
closing  A),  the  water  flows  into  the 
concrete  mixer  until  it  reaches  the 
level  of  the  top  of  the  threaded  pipe 
D,  when  no  more  flows.  By  screw- 
ing the  tank  up  or  down  on  pipe  D, 
any  desired  quantity  of  water  can  be 
turned  into  the  Ransome  Mixer  for 
each  batch  of  concrete.  Once  it  has  been  ascertained 
just  how  much  water  is  needed  for  a  batch  of  concrete, 
the  Ransome  Water  Measuring  Tank  is  adjusted,  as 
just  described,  and  after  that  it  delivers  the  required 
amount  of  water  automatically.  Contractors  will  ap- 
preciate the  value  of  this  device,  as  it  insures  an  abso- 
lutely uniform  concrete.  One  batch  will  not  be  all 
"slop,"  and  the  next  batch  nearly  dry.  The  Ransome 
W ater  Measuring  Tank  thus  obviates  disputes  with 
inspectors,  and  it  saves  times  in  delivering  water  to  the 
mixer.  List  Price,  $25.00. 


Fig.  55 — RANSOME 
WATER  TANK. 


96 

The  Ransome  Tamper. — The  tamping  process,  with 
the  wet  concrete  mixture  of  to-day,  is  really  a  slicing 
and  cutting  process  for  the  purpose  of  letting  out  air 
bubbles  and  causing  the  ingredients  to  flow  together 
into  a  compact  mass  by  disturbing  the  condition  of 
unstable  equilibrium  into  which  they  mass  together 


Fig.  56 — RANSOME  TAMPER. 

when  dumped  from  the  carts  or  barrows.  The  old 
fashioned  trowel  faced  tamper  is  not  suitable  for  this 
work  and  in  its  place  the  tamper  shown  in  the  ac- 
companying cut  has  been  designed.  This  tamper  con- 
sists of  a  rather  narrow  and  long  thin  steel  cutting 
blade  riveted  to  an  iron  pipe  handle  as  shown  by  the 
drawing.  This  tamper  has  been  proved  out  by  exten- 
sive use  in  building  work  and  will  be  found  an  efifi- 
cient  and  desiral)le  tool  in  all  respects. 

List  Price,  $2.50. 


Fig.    57 — RANSOME  CONCRETE  AX. 
(See  Opposite  Page.) 


97 

Rollers  for  Concrete,  Floors,  Pavements,  Etc. 

These  rollers  are  made  in  three  sizes  and  weights: 

No.  1  Light  36  in.  diam.,  36  in.  wide,  weight  290  lbs. 

No.  2  Medium  36  in.  diam.,  36  in.  wide,  weight  375  bs. 

No.  3  Heavy  30  in  diam.,  24  in.  wide,  weight  645  lbs. 
Rolling  is  far  better  and  cheaper  than  tamping.     Two  men  with 
rollers  will  do  the  work  of  a  dozen  men  with  tampers  on  flat  sur- 
faces.   Start  with  the  light  roller,  then  follow  with  the  medium 
weight,  and  finish  with  the  heavy. 

The  Ransome  Concrete  Ax  is  a  tool  for  giving  a 
"hammer  dressed  finish"  to  the  surface  of  a  concrete 
wall.  It  gives  a  fine  appearing  finish  at  a  very  low 
cost,  and  makes  it  unnecessary  to  use  great  pains  in 
making  the  wooden  forms,  for  the  ax  removes  all  signs 
of  joints  between  the  boards,  grain,  etc.,  on  the  con- 
crete. As  shown  in  the  photograph,  the  ax  is  a  double 
bit  ax,  and  the  steel  blades  are  bolted  to  the  casting  to 
which  the  handle  is  inserted.  The  blades  are  removed 
when  dull,  and  are  sharpened  either  with  a  file  or 
with  an  emery  wheel.  A  common  laborer  will  average 
lOO  square  feet  of  wall  dressed  with  a  Ransome  Con- 
crete Ax  in  lo  hours^  at  a  cost  of  cents  per  square 
foot. 

List  Price  of  Ax,  $3.50.    Extra  blades,  6oc.  each. 


Fig.    58 — RANSOME    CONCRETE  ROLLER 
For  Floors  and  Sidewalks. 


98 


Fig-.   59 — RANSOME  TWISTING  MACHINE 
For  Twisting  Steel  Rods. 


The  Ransome  Twisting  Machine. — Fig.  59  shows 
this  machine  which  is  designed  to  meet  the  require- 
ments of  contractors  who  desire  to  twist  their  steel  on 
the  job.  This  machine  will  handle  all  sizes  from  Y\  to 
\Y\  inch  square,  and  is  equipped  with  a  nine  set  of  dies 
for  sizes  Y\  inch  to         inch  inclusive,  advancing  by 

inch.  There  are  also  furnished  with  each  machine 
three  sets  of  gears  with  ratios  of  13  to  75,  19  to  69 
and  33  to  55.  These  gears  provide  ample  change  of 
speed  for  ordinary  conditions.  The  weight  of  the  ma- 
chine is  1,800  lbs.,  including  the  three  sets  of  gears 
and  nine  sets  of  dies.  It  is  operated  by  12  H.  P,  Con- 
tractors will  find  it  to  their  advantage  to  own  one 
of  these  machines.  By  utilizing  their  watchmen  at 
night  the  cost  of  twisting  is  made  nominal. 


99 


Fig.    60— ROCK  CRUSHER. 


STEEL  CRUSHERS 


Size  jaw 
opening. 

Capacity  in  tons 

per  hour 
Jaws  set  part 
2  inches. 

Approximate 
weight,  bs. 

Approximate 

weight  of 
heaviest  piece. 

Speed 
revolutions. 

Pu  ey 
inches. 

Horse-power 
approqimate. 

Price  net,  with 
chilled  jaws.f.o.b. 
Dunellen,  N.). 

*Bace 

8  to  12 

6,000 

730 

170 

44x8 

12 

$630 

7x13 

lbs. 

*  Beedo 

12  to  18 

85,00 

1,190 

155 

50x8 

15 

$780 

9x15 

lbs. 

*Bdfpr 

24  to  40 

19,000 

2,530 

140 

60x10 

25 

$1,700 

11x26 

lbs. 

*Code  Word. 


Crushers  fitted  with  manganese  jaws  at  advanced  prices. 
Prices  subject  to  change  without  notice. 


TOO 


Fig-.  61 — RANSOME  AUTOMATIC  CEMENT  TESTER. 


Ransome  Automatic  Cement  Tester 

1000  Lbs.  (450  kg.)  Capacity,  $1.25 
2000  (900  kg.)  $1.75 

DIMENSIONS  1000  MACHINE 


Extreme  lyength. .  .30  in .  .559  meter 
Extreme  Width ...  15  in ...  407  meter 
Extreme  Height,  2  ft.  4  in.. 661  meter 

Telegraph 
Waggish 


Weight  115  lbs.  .52.16  ke. 

Shipping  Weight.   150  lbs.  .68.04  kg. 

Shipping  Measurements,  lOcu.ft.  283  meter 


Price,  f.  o.  b.  New  York  as  illustrated,  1000  lbs.  (450  kg.) 
capacity,  including  Scale  and  one  Mold  for  tensile  tests 
of  Cement,  A,  S,  C,  E,  standard  specimens. 
Woodward  Price,  f,  o,  b,  New  York,  as  illustrated,  2000  lbs.  (900  kg,) 
capacity,  including  Scale  and  one  Mold  for  tensile  tests 
of  Cement,  A,  S,  C,  E,  standard  specimens. 


lOI 


DIMENSIONS  2000  MACHINE 


Extreme  I^ength 
Extreme  Width. 
Extreme  Height 
Weight  


.3  ft.  2  in 
.1  ft.  6  in 
.3  ft.  2  in 
245  lbs . .  . 


.  .966  meter 
.  .458  meter 
.  .  966  meter 
111.132  kg. 
.176,904  kg. 


Shipping  Weight  

Shipping  Measurements 


390  lbs.  . . 
.  22  cu,  ft. 


6626  cu,  meter 


Description  and  Operation. — A  Tension  Testing 
Machine  is  indispensable  in  concrete  construction. 
Know  your  materials  if  you  would  avoid  trouble.  Be- 
gin by  testing  your  cement  before  it  goes  into  the 
work. 

The  illustration,  Fig.  6i,  shows  the  Ransome  Auto- 
matic Cement  Tester.  It  is  constructed  entirely  of 
metal,  and  is  of  superior  design  and  finish. 

The  beam  is  brought  to  a  balance  by  pouring  shot 
into  the  cone-shaped  bucket  on  the  left  of  the  Machine, 
thus  counterbalancing  the  weight  on  the  right-hand 
side  of  the  Machine.  The  test  briquette  is  then  placed 
in  the  grips  and  by  means  of  the  handwheel  under  the 
lower  grip,  the  slack  is  taken  up.  A  piston  valve 
(Patented  Nov.  8th,  1904)  in  the  bucket  is  then  lifted 
by  throwing  the  latch  over  and  the  shot  flows  out  of 
the  bucket  causing  the  weight  to  overbalance  the 
bucket  and  load  thus  to  be  applied  to  the  specimen. 
When  a  sufficient  weight  of  shot  has  flowed  out  of  the 
bucket,  the  unbalanced  force  of  the  weight  is  sufficient 
to  break  the  briquette,  and  then  the  lightened  bucket 
is  moved  upward  by  the  weight  and  the  piston  valve 
in  it  closed,  causing  the  flow  of  shot  to  cease.  To 
change  the  speed  of  test  the  flow  of  shot  can  be  regu- 
lated by  means  of  the  knurled  screw  at  top  of  the  pis- 
ton valve. 


102 


The  weight  of  shot  which  has  flowed  out  is  a  meas- 
ure of  the  force  required  to  break  the  briquette,  and 
this  shot  is  caught  in  a  scoop  on  a  scale  which  is  gradu- 
ated to  read  directly  the  stress  on  the  briquette. 

If  for  any  reason  the  main  beam  should  touch  the 
buffer  before  the  specimen  of  cement  is  broken,  the 
valve  automatically  closes  and  the  flow  of  shot  ceases. 
The  operator  then  raises  the  beam  by  means  of  the 
crank  through  the  worm  and  worm  gear,  and  the  test 
continues. 

The  piston  valve  (Patented  Nov.  8th,  1904)  for  con- 
trolling the  flow  of  shot  we  believe  to  be  the  simplest 
and  most  effective  automatic  valve  made. 

If  it  is  desired  to  make  a  test  with  the  beam  in  a 
horizontal  position,  it  can  be  kept  level  by  means  of 
the  crank  and  worm  wheel. 

In  place  of  the  spring  balance,  any  form  of  scale 
may  be  used. 

We  would  draw  the  attention  of  Engineers  to  the 
solid-back  Cement  Testing  Grips,  patented  May  loth, 
1904.  This  new  design  was  suggested  by  the  complaints 
received  that  the  grips  spread  during  the  process  of 
testing,  which  spreading  caused  the  conditions  to 
vary  and  the  results  to  be  inaccurate.  These  grips  are 
made  strong  enough  to  prevent  springing. 

The  above  description  and  operation  applies  to  both 
sizes  of  Cement  Testers.  The  weight  of  shot  in  the 
1,000-lbs.  machine  is  as  i  lb.  to  100  lbs.;  by  this  we 
mean  that  10  lbs.  of  shot  weighed  on  an  ordinary  scale 
would  indicated  a  strain  of  1,000  lbs. 

In  the  2,000-lbs.  machine  the  proportion  is  i  lb. 
to  80  lbs.,  viz.,  25  lbs.  of  shot  will  indicate  2,000  lbs. 
strain. 


103 


Fig-.  62— RANSOME  CONCRETE  TESTING  MACHINE. 
Capacity,   50  Tons  in  Compression. 


Ransome  Compression  Testing  Machine. — Every 
contractor  should  know  the  strength  of  the  mixtures 
he  is  using.  Before  starting  on  an  important  work  he 
should  determine  by  actual  test  the  economic  value 
of  the  various  available  materials.  A  compression 
testing  machine  is  invaluable  on  any  work  in  re-en- 
forced concrete.    You  know  where  you  stand  if  you 


104 


use  one  of  these  machines.  You  can  determine 
whether  or  not  it  is  safe  to  strip  your  forms.  You 
can  save  the  price  of  one  of  these  machines  on  a 
single  contract. 

The  following  are  dimensions  of  the  machine 
shown  in  Fig.  62.  Diameter  of  ram,  5  inches ;  platen, 
loxio  inches;  clear  space,  10  inches;  length  over  all, 
36  inches;  width  over  all,  12^4  inches;  height  over  all, 
33  inches ;  measurement  when  boxed,  20x36x40  inches ; 
net  weight,  515  lbs.;  gross  shipping  weight,  550  lbs. 

Price,  $240.00 

Boiling  Test  for  Cement. — It  is  extremely  impor- 
tant that  cement  be  tested  for  soundness.  The  follow- 
ing is  a  simple  test,  and  cement  which  will  not  pass 
this  test  should  not  be  used  in  important  structures: 

To  1,000  grains  of  cement  add  200  grains  of  water 
and  mix  with  trowel  for  five  minutes.  In  cases  where 
the  cement  is  fresh  it  may  be  necessary  to  use  a  little 
more  water  than  above  given,  but  in  no  case  use  over 
250  grains.  Make  the  mixed  cement  into  a  cake  about 
3  inches  in  diameter,  ^  inch  thick  in  center  and  taper- 
ing to  a  feather  edge.  Make  the  cake  upon  a  clean  glass 
plate.  Place  the  cake  in  a  damp  chamber  or  cover  it 
with  a  wet  cloth  for  24  hours,  then  place  it  in  a  rack 
and  cover  with  water ;  heat  the  water  slowly  up  to 
212  deg.  Fahrenheit  and  maintain  this  temperature 
for  six  hours.  Allow  the  cake  to  cool  in  the  water. 
If  it  warps  or  twists  or  shows  expansion  cracks  it  must 
not  be  used. 


Pig.   63 — RANSOME   CEMENT  BOILER  AND  RACK. 
List  price,  $25.00. 


io6 


Pig.    64 — RANSOME    DISC  CRANK. 
Vertical  Engine. 


Ransome  Disc  Crank  Vertical  Engine. — We  present 
this  style  of  engine  as  the  most  desirable  form  for 
general  purposes  where  small  powers  are  required. 
They  are  very  strong,  heavy  in  construction,  but  well 
proportioned,  and  will  stand  hard  work  and  high  speed. 

A  critical  test  of  every  engine  is  made  before  it 
leaves  our  factory,  and  the  necessary  adjustments  care- 


107 


Fig-.  65 — RANSOME  ENGINE 
With  Counter  Shaft  Brackets. 

fully  made,  so  that  the  engine  is  ready  to  run  the  mo- 
ment it  is  placed  in  position  and  given  steam.  We 
make  eleven  sizes  of  this  engine,  as  shown  on  next 
page. 

Sizes  25  H.  P.  and  larger  are  made  extra  heavy 
in  all  parts.  Rods  and  shafts  are  of  steel,  and  ''brasses'' 
of  the  connecting  rod  are  phosphor  bronze.  Bearings 
are  long  and  of  large  diameter,  and  are  made  of  best 
quality  babbit.  Ample  provision  is  made  in  all  wear- 
ing parts  for  adjustment. 


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75 

16x16 
140 

4K 

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16 

113 
41x85 
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1301  50 
3  50 
7  50 
13  00 
71  00 
3  50 

1400 

Arbuckle 

15  00 

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12  50 
10  00 

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750  00 

Andrew 

10  00 
9  00 

CN      o  ^                        CO  00  <5  »^  ^      ^  »^  O  <N 

570  00 
Anna 
8  00 
7  00 

vD      <N  O  <r  O 

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400  00 
Amos 
7  00 
6  00 

^         eg  ^X)  QO  o  o 
^       -£00-»-H0:iC^0Q00<MO,^O0^<N'^rN»vn  — 

356  00 
Allen 
6  00 
5  50 

O        o               i>  00  ^  ^  o 

272  00 
Albert 
5  00 
4  50 

N     -5  O  T-i  i-H  th  c?  CO  th  ic     O     (N  CO  —  ao 

202  00 

Alice 
4  50 
4  00 

CO      O  O  O  O  Q  O 
X  O  N*      'Hi®  O  iO  (?)  CO  ^  O 

163  00 
Ajax 
4  00 
3  50 

^      in  O      O  O  Q 
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131  00 
Alfred 
3  50 
3  00 

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$87  00 
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$3  00 
$2  50 

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14x14 

78.20 
Broke 
7.00 
Broom 
246.00 
Browse 
19.00 
Brunt 
3.30 
Bucket 
30.00 
Buckram 
6.00 
Buckskin 
10,00 
Buffo 
10,80 
Bug 
7.50 
Bush 
6.00 
Bustle 
16.00 
Butter 

12x12 

64.80 
Bribe 
6,24 
Brick 
194.40 
Bride 
16.20 
Brief 
3.00 
Brig 
20,40 
Bright 
5.04 
Brim 
9.00 
Brine 
6.48 
Bring 
6.72 
Brisk 
4.80 
Broad 
,13.80 
Brock 

10x10 

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Ov 
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50.40 
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5,40 

Blur 

76,14 
Blush 
9,12 
Boa 
1.80 

Boar 

14,40 
Boast 
3.36 

Boat 
6,4S 

Bode 
2.88 

Body 
'5.04 
Bog 
3.72 
Boil 
9.00 

Bold 

00 

00 

36.00 
Blare 
4.80 
Blast 
64.80 
Blaze 
8,16 
Bleak 
1.44 
Blear 
12.00 
Bleat 
2.64 
Bleed 
5.64 
Blend 
2.28 
Bless 
468 
Blest 
2.88 
Blew 
7.80 
Blight 

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X 
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26,80 
Bight 
4,20 
Bigot 
42.42 
Bijou 
7.34 
Bilbo 
1.20 
Bile 
10.20 
Bilge 
2.64 
Bilk 
4.32 
Billet 
1.82 
Bin 
4.56 
Bind. 

2.68 
Biped 
7,80 
Birch 

v© 

NO 

14.40 
Belie 
3.90 
Bell 
37.00 
Belt 
5.64 
Bent 
.96 
Bereft 
8.40 
Berate 
2,16 
Berry 
3.72 
Berth 
1.68 
Beset 
3.84 
Besom 
2.28 
Besot 
5.40 
Best 

to 

X 

9,60 
Bead 

3.60 
Beak 
25.12 
Beam 

4.80 
Bean 
.72 
Bear 

6.60 
Beard 

2.16 
Beast 

3,48 
Beat 

1.44 
Beau 

3.24 
Beck 

2.16 
Beckon 

3.60 

Bed 

X 

6,00 
Baron 
3,60 
Barrel 
21.98 
Barren 
4.08 
Barter 
.60 
Basal 
5,40 
Basic 
6.24 
Basin 
3.24 
Basis 
1.20 
Bask 
3.24 
Basket 
5.76 
Bass 
3.60 
Baste 

X 

3.60 
Baking 

2.40 
Bald 
17.04 
Bale 

.48 
Balk 
4.20 
Ball 
6.00 
Ballet 
2.40 
Balm 
1.20 
Ban 
2.52 
Band 
5.40 
Bandit 
3.60 
Bandy 

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Fig.   66— RANSOME  UPRIGHT  TUBULAR  BOILERS. 

Ransome  Upright  Tubular  Boilers. — Our  Upright 
Tubular  Boilers  are  made  of  open-hearth  homogeneous 
flange  steel  plate,  60,000  pounds  tensile  strength  per 
square  inch  of  section,  an  elongation  of  20  to  25  per 
cent.,  and  a  reduction  of  area  of  45  to  50  per  cent. ; 
can  be  turned  over  and  closed  down  solid  without 
fracture  when  cold,  and  does  not  blister.  The  vertical 
seams  in  all  boilers  36  inches  in  diameter  and  larger  are 
double  riveted.  The  bottom  of  water-leg,  also  the 
opening  around  fire-door,  is  formed  by  flanging  the 
furnace  plate  out  to  meet  the  shell,  as  shown  in  sec- 


112 


tional  cut  on  preceding  page.  The  fire-boxes  of  Nos. 
13  and  up  only  are  fitted  with  stay-bolts.  In  the 
smaller  sizes  we  use  furnace  plate  of  sufficient  thick- 
ness to  avoid  necessity  for  stay-bolts,  thus  facilitating 
the  cleaning  of  water-leg  in  three  sizes. 

Nos.  I  to  9,  inclusive,  have  two.  and  all  other  sizes 
three,  hand-holes  in  the  water-leg  near  bottom,  and 
all  boilers  have  four  hand-holes  over  crown  sheet.  The 
tubes  are  arranged  with  two  clear  spaces  between  them 
inches  or  more  in  width,  crossing  at  right  angles. 
These  spaces  are  directly  opposite  the  hand-hole  open- 
ings, by  means  of  which  the  crown  sheet  on  these  boil- 
ers may  be  cleaned  readily.  This  spacing  also  gives 
better  circulation  in  the  boilers.  When  ordered  com- 
plete, we  include  base,  grates,  hood,  pop  safety-valve, 
steam  gauge,  water  gauge,  three  gauge-cocks,  check- 
valve,  feed-valve  and  blow-off  cock  with  piping  to  at- 
tach same  in  our  usual  manner. 

When  ordered  without  fixtures,  we  include  boiler, 
^  with  furnace  door  and  handholes  only.  Anything  or- 
dered, not  included  in  the  above  list  of  fixtures,  will 
be  charged  as  an  extra.  Previous  to  shipment  every 
boiler  is  tested  with  water  and  steam  and  subjected  to 
a  hydrostatic  pressure  of  150  pounds  to  the  square  inch. 
A  certificate  of  inspection  and  test  issued  by  the  Hart- 
ford Steam  Boiler  Inspection  and  Insurance  Company 
is  furnished  with  every  boiler. 

We  can  furnish,  if  required,  a  policy  of  insurance 
for  one  year,  issued  by  the  Hartford  Steam  Boiler 
Inspection  and  Insurance  Company,  at  a  slight  addi- 
tional charge.  This  policy  is  payable  to  the  purchaser, 
and  will  be  in  force  wherever  the  boiler  is  located. 
Upright  tubular  boilers  with  submerged  tubes  are 
built  on  special  order. 


113 


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114 

Ransotne  Special  Boilers 


Are  Made  in  4  Sizes  Only 


H.P. 

Size 

No.  of  Tubes 

Size  of  Tubes 

Grate  Area,  sq.  ins. 

10 

36'^  X  69'^ 

68 

2'  X  33'^ 

754  7 

15 

42''x75'' 

92 

2'^x39'^ 

1075  2 

20 

42'^x87'' 

92 

2^^x51'^ 

1075  2 

30 

48^^x93'^ 

128 

2"  X  54 

1052  2 

The  materials  used  in  the  construction  of  these 
boilers  is  the  same  as  is  used  in  our  standard  boilers, 
with  the  exception  that  the  boiler  shell  is  extended  to 
form  the  ash  pit,  thus  doing  away  with  the  cast  iron 
base.  They  are  especially  adapted  for  mounting  on 
wheels  on  account  of  their  low  center  of  gravity. 

Instruction  for  Starting  and  Managing  Ransome 
Boilers. —  (i)  See  that  all  connections  with  the  boiler 
^  are  jjfoperly  made  and  tight. 

(2)  Fill  the  boiler  up  to  or  above  the  second 
gauge  with  water  and  take  particular  notice  while  boil- 
er is  being  filled  that  all  handhole  plates  and  connec- 
tions around  the  boiler  are  tight.  Particularly  note 
that  the  check  valve  does  not  leak. 

(3)  Build  a  slow  fire  in  the  boiler  until  the  water 
becomes  hot.  Under  no  circumstances  force  your  fire 
until  after  steam  begins  to  generate.  This  can  be  de- 
termined by  leaving  the  top  gauge-cocks  open  until 
steam  appears. 

(4)  After  about  ten  (10)  or  fifteen  (15)  pounds  of 
steam  has  been  raised,  note  whether  there  are  any 
slight  leaks  appearing  in  the  boiler  or  its  connections. 


115 


(5)  After  steam  has  been  raised  to  amount  of  pres- 
sure to  be  carried,  try  your  safety  valve  and  be  sure 
that  it  is  in  good  working  order.  It  is  advisable  to  lift 
the  safety  valve  from  its  seat  at  least  twice  a  day. 

(6)  Always  carry  the  water  in  the  boiler  at  a 
height  that  will  best  allow  the  engine  to  operate  with- 
out carrying  over  water  with  the  steam.  It  is  always 
best  to  carry  the  water  line  in  the  boiler  as  high  as  pos- 
sible safely. 

(7)  Never  allow  the  fire-door  of  boiler  to  be  open, 
except  when  firing  the  boiler.  In  checking  steam  al- 
ways close  the  ash  pit  doors  and  damper  in  the  stack. 
If  this  is  not  sufficient  to  check  the  steam,  fire  should 
be  banked. 

(8)  When  shutting  the  boiler  down  at  night,  un- 
der no  circumstances  allow  the  furnace  door  to  remain 
open. 


117 


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119 


Ransome  Portable  Boilers  on  Skids  or  Wheels. — 

The  thickness  of  the  shell  outside  of  fire-box  and 
furnace  is  ^  inch.  The  thickness  of  furnace  tube 
sheet  is  %  inch.  The  thickness  of  backhead  is  5-16 
inch  for  sizes  Nos.  3  to  8,  inclusive,  and  ^  inch  for 
larger  sizes. 

All  prices  cover  boilers  f.  o.  b.  Nev^  York  complete 
with  fittings  and  fixtures  as  specified  on  page  117,  which 
includes  smokestack. 

When  built  with  water-front,  fire-box  is  about  three 
inches  shorter  outside,  making  grates  about  six  inches 
shorter.  Water-front  style  boilers,  either  with  water 
bottom  or  open  bottom  fire-box,  are  built  on  special 
order  only,  and  at  an  extra  price.  All  open  bottom 
boilers  are  built  with  wrought-iron  ring  in  bottom  of 
water-leg.    Some  boilers  use  cast-iron  rings. 

Grates  suitable  for  coal  dust,  when  ordered,  will 
be  substituted  for  regular  grates  without  extra  charge. 
Special  grates  for  burning  pea  coal,  straight  bar  pat- 
tern with  ^-inch  air  space,  also  Tupper  or  herring- 
bone grates,  can  be  furnished  at  a  slight  additional 
charge.  Shaking  grates  are  recommended  for  use  in 
open-bottom  style  of  boilers  only,  owing  to  limited 
depth  of  ash-pit  in  water  bottom  style. 

All  smokestacks  are  No.  16  gauge  ;  if  heavier  gauge 
is  desired,  a  proportionate  extra  charo:e  will  be  made. 

We  can  furnish,  if  required,  a  policy  of  insurance 
for  one  year  issued  by  the  Hartford  Steam  Boiler  In- 
spection and  Insurance  Company,  at  a  slight  addi- 
tional charge.  This  policy  is  payable  to  the  purchaser 
and  will  be  in  force  wherever  the  boiler  is  located. 


120 


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125 


Derrick  Engines 

Double  Cylinder,  Double  Friction  Drums,  and  Derrick  Drums 
with  necessary  Boilers  and  Fixtures  complete 


TABLE  OF  DIMENSIONS  AND  PRICE  LIST 


171 

15 

25 

GX  X  8 

7x10 

Diameter  of  Drums,  inches  

14 

14 

Diameter  of  Flanges,  inches  

Length  of  Drums,  inches  

26 

30 

25 

32 

Diameter  of  Derrick  Drums,  inches  

10 

13 

Diameter  of  Derrick  Drum  Flanges,  inches 

18 

19 

Length  of  Derrick  Drums,  inches  

12 

15 

Size  of  Boiler,  inches  

36x84 

42x84 

No.  2  inch  Tubes  

60 

84 

Floor  Space  required,  inches  

48x113 

60  X  135 

Weight  Hoisted,  usual  speed,  pounds  

2500 

3500 

Approximate  Shipping  Weight,  pounds  

9000 

13000 

Price  complete,  as  shown  

Cipher  Code  Name.  

Price  of  Crating  for  Export  

$1550  00 
Hasok 
$48  00 

$1760  00 
Homon 
$64  00 

126 


127 

DESCRIPTION  OF  FRICTION 


On  the  opposite  page  we  present  cut  showing  the 
manner  of  attaching  the  friction  blocks  on  the  ''Wern 
Friction/' 

The  groove  ''A''  is  turned  to  standard  templets, 
thereby  insuring  the  groove  to  be  always  the  same 
size.  The  blocks  ''B"  are  made  of  hickory  and  are 
absolutely  interchangeable ;  they  are  inserted  in  the 
groove  ''A''  and  held  in  place  by  the  cast-iron  wedge 

The  advantage  of  this  style  friction  is  that  it  is 
not  necessary  to  take  either  the  drum  or  gear-wheel 
off  of  the  Engine  for  the  purpose  of  renewing  the  fric- 
tion blocks.  These  blocks  being  interchangeable,  a 
set  can  be  shipped  from  the  factory,  and  all  that  is 
necessary  to  make  the  change  is  to  take  out  the 
thrust-key,  move  the  drum  against  the  thrust  pedes- 
tal, loosen  the  jam-nuts  which  tighten  the  wedge 
''C,''  and  remove  the  worn-out  blocks  and  replace 
them  with  new  blocks,  tighten  up  the  jam-nuts  on  the 
wedge  "C,''  put  the  drum  back  into  place,  and  adjust 
the  thrust-key,  when  the  Engine  is  again  ready  for 
operation. 

We  invite  a  careful  study  of  the  friction  here 
sliown,  for  we  believe  that  engineers  will  appreciate 
the  ease  with  which  this  friction  can  be  renewed. 


128 


TEST -A- 


Top  coot 
-Joint 

Concrete  slab 


TEST-B 


5 


7 


Joint 


TEST-C- 


■Pressure  applied  here 


129 


Ransomite. — Ransomite  is  a  dry  powder,  which, 
when  dissolved  in  water  and  appHed  to  hardened  con- 
crete, will  cause  fresh  concrete  to  adhere  to  it.  In 
brief,  it  bonds  old  concrete  to  new  concrete — 
something  that  was  never  accomplished  until 
Ransomite  was  invented.  By  its  use,  all  concrete 
work  can  be  made  monolithic.  Concrete  that  has  har- 
dened over  night  will  adhere  to  new  concrete  placed 
the  following  day.  Old  cement  sidewalks  that  have 
spalled  off  can  be  patched  perfectly  by  the  aid  of  Ran- 
somite. Indeed,  the  uses  of  Ransomite  are  beyond 
enumeration. 

The  following  report  of  Robert  W.  Hunt  Co.  testi- 
fies as  to  the  efficiency  of  the  process. 
Gentlemen: 

The  following  is  a  report  of  the  tests  of  the  Ransome 
Bonding  Process,  by  Robert  W.  Hunt  &  Co. 

TEST  A.  Three  concrete  slabs  4  ft.  square  and  4  ins 
thick  were  made,  using  a  mixture  of  one  part  cement,  three 
parts  sand  and  five  parts  broken  stone. 

After  hardening  one  week,  one  of  these  slabs  was  given 
a  top  coat  of  i  in.  thick,  using  a  mixture  of  one  part  cement 
and  tvv^o  parts  sand,  simply  wetting  the  concrete  with  water 
in  the  customary  manner  before  putting  on  the  top. 

The  other  two  slabs,  after  hardening  two  weeks,  were 
prepared  with  the  bonding  mixture,  according  to  your  specifi- 
cations, and  also  covered  with  a  top  i  in.  thick  of  the  i — 2 
mixture. 

'After  the  top  coat  had  hardened  two  weeks  we  applied 
hammer  and  chisel  to  the  joint. 

From  the  one  which  did  not  receive  the  bonding  treat- 
ment, the  top  comes  away  in  a  perfect  layer,  showing  no 
bond  whatever;  while  from  two  which  received  the  bonding 
treatment  it  is  entirely  impossible  to  remove  the  top,  showing 
that  the  top  has  joined  in  a  perfect  bond  with  the  concrete 
base  and  become  an  integral  part  of  the  whole  mass. 


130 


TEST  B.  Two  columns  24  ins.  long  by  4  ins.  square  of  a 
I — 2 — 4  mixture  were  made,  having  one  end  finished  off  on 
a  bevel  of  45  degrees.  After  one  week's  hardening  one 
column  was  finished  out  to  a  total  length  of  48  ins.  after 
melting  the  joint  with  water  and  using  the  i — 2 — 4  mixture, 
making  a  column  48  ins.  long  with  a  45  deg.  joint  in  the 
center. 

The  other  column  was  likewise  finished  out  to  a  length 
of  48  ins.  with  the  same  mixture,  after  preparing  the  joint 
with  the  binding  mixture  according  to  your  specification. 

After  one  week's  hardening  both  columns  were  supported 
on  centers  and  a  load  applied  directly  over  the  joint.  The 
one  made  without  the  bonding  mixture  joint  came  apart  in 
handling,  parting  directly  at  the  joint,  showing  that  no  bond 
whatever  existed.  The  column  bearing  the  bonding  mixture 
joint  withstood  a  load  of  460  pounds,  and  broke  to  one  side 
of  the  joint,  proving  the  joint  to  be  stronger  than  the  con- 
crete. 

TEST  C.  A  12  in.  cube  of  concrete  of  the  i — 2 — 4  mix- 
ture, cored  to  the  depth  of  2  ins.  in  the  center  of  one  face, 
was  made  up  and  allowed  to  harden  for  one  week. 

A  top  4  ins.  thick  also  of  the  i — 2 — 4  mixture,  cored  in 
the  center  to  fit  the  core  in  the  cube,  and  with  a  lug  4  ins. 
wide  extending  around  the  four  sides,  was  placed  on  the 
cube  after  preparing  a  bonding  mixture  joint  according  to 
your  specifications. 

After  hardening  one  week,  the  mass  of  concrete  was 
placed  in  a  frame  supporting  the  projecting  top  and  pressure 
applied  from  the  top. 

We  find  the  concrete  to  give  way  in  an  irregular  jagged 
break  affecting  both  the  top  and  the  base,  but  showing  no 
separation  whatever  at  the  joint,  thereby  proving  the  joint 
to  be  stronger  than  the  concrete. 

Respectfully, 
ROBERT  W.  HUNT  &  CO., 

Engineers. 


131 


COST  OF  CONCRETE  HIXINQ  AND  USEFUL  DATA 

Cost  of  Mixing  Concrete. — When  concrete  is  mixed 
by  hand  with  shovels  and  wheeled  only  a  short  dis- 
tance in  harrows  to  the  place  of  deposit,  one  man  will 
usually  average  about  2  cu.  yds.  mixed  and  placed  in 
a  day.  Now,  what  can  be  done  with  a  Ransome  Mixer 
under  similar  conditions?  The  answer  depends  very 
largely  upon  the  method  used  in  conveying  the  materi- 
als to  and  from  the  mixer.  Where  the  mixer  is  fed 
from  bins  holding  sand  and  stone,  and  the  concrete 
conveyed  away  in  cars  or  large  buckets,  with  every- 
thing designed  to  avoid  delays  in  conveying,  we  have 
averaged  one  batch  of  concrete  per  minute.  The  num- 
ber of  cubic  yards  of  concrete  (don't  confuse  the  yard- 
age of  concrete  with  the  yardage  of  loose  materials  fed 
into  the  mixer)  in  a  batch  depends  on  the  size  of  mixer 
used.  The  following  table  gives  the  number  of  cubic 
yards  of  concrete  per  batch  of  different  sized  Ransome 
Mixers : 


Size  of  Ransome  Mixer 

No.  1 

No.  2 

No.  3 

No.  4 

Cu.  yds.  Concrete  per  Batch 

%  cu.  yd. 

%  cu. yd. 

%  cu.  yd. 

1  cu . yd . 

Cu.  yds.  per  day  (1  batch  per  min.) 

150 

300 

450 

600  \  \ 

See  also  the  table  on  page  66 


If  the  plant  is  so  arranged  as  to  deliver  and  handle 
one  batch  per  minute,  or  600  batches  per  lo-hour  day, 
we  see  that  the  daily  output  is  as  above  given.  While 
this  output  is  possible,  it  is  seldom  attained,  but  it  is 
not  unreasonable  to  expect  an  output  of  one  batch  in 
one  and  one-half  minutes,  or  two-thirds  of  the  daily 


132 


output  above  given.  When  the  plant  fails  to  average 
a  batch  every  two  minutes,  something  is  wrong  with 
the  design  of  your  conveying  plant  or  with  your  fore- 
man. The  above  is  based  on  the  assumption  that  you 
are  feeding  the  materials  from  storage  bins.  If,  how- 
ever, you  are  feeding  from  wheelbarrows  in  a  confined 
place,  where  only  a  few  shovelers  and  a  few  wheel- 
barrows can  be  worked,  your  average  output  may 
easily  fall  ofif  to  one  batch  every  three  or  four  minutes. 
You  will  see  in  print  widely  different  outputs  from 
Ransome  Mixers,  but  the  reason  is  always  apparent 
when  you  understand  the  methods  used  in  delivering 
the  materials  to  the  mixer  and  in  conveying  them  away 
from  the  mixer.  The  mixer  itself  is  always  capable 
of  mixing  a  batch  per  minute.  Oftentimes  it  does  not 
pay  to  provide  the  accessory  plant  needed  to  deliver 
a  batch  per  minute.  For  example,  you  may  have  to 
move  your  plant  frequently,  and  you  cannot  afford  to 
erect  bins  to  hold  the  stone  and  sand.  Again,  it  may 
Tiappen  that  you  could  not  use  a  batch  per  minute  in 
the  work.  For  example,  your  progress  may  be  limited 
by  the  rapidity  with  which  forms  can  be  erected  and 
moved. 

A  contractor  will  usually  find  it  economic  to  provide 
for  handling  one  batch  of  concrete  in  one  and  one-half 
to  two  minutes,  and  this  can  be  accomplished  with 
ease  if  he  will  study  the  local  conditions  in  advance. 

A  good  general  rule  to  be  remembered :  The  cost  of 
mixing  and  placing  concrete  with  a  Ransome  Mixer 
is  never  more  than  one-half  the  cost  of  mixing  and 
placing  by  hand,  and,  with  the  proper  conveying  ap- 
pliances, it  may  readily  be  reduced  to  one-quarter  the 
cost  of  handwork,    Even  on  street  work,  which  is  not 


133 


as  favorable  for  machine  mixing  as  many  other  kinds 
of  concrete  work,  you  can  more  than  cut  your  cost 
in  two  by  using  a  Ransome  Mixer  with  Ransome  Con- 
crete Push  Carts,  as  you  will  see  by  records  given  on 
page  79. 

In  building  concrete  sewers,  use  the  same  method, 
and  you  will  cut  your  labor  cost  in  two.  Some  con- 
tractors have  built  concrete  sewers  with  Ransome  Mix- 
ers by  shifting  the  mixer  along  to  keep  pace  with  the 
advance  of  the  sewer.  This  is  all  right  where  the 
streets  are  not  crowded  and  where  the  roadway  is 
comparatively  level.  A  more  economic  plan  usually  is 
not  to  move  the  mixer  until  about  1,400  lin.  ft.  of  sewer 
are  built,  building  700  ft.  each  way  from  the  mixer, 
and  handling  the  concrete  in  Ransome  Push  Carts, 
at  a  cost  of  i}4  cents  per  cu.  yd.  per  100  ft.  of 
average  haul.  Contractors  who  have  not  tried  this 
method  will  be  astonished  at  the  results. 

When  you  hear  a  man  say  that  a  machine  mixer 
will  not  do  for  his  kind  of  work,  although  it  is  all 
right  for  other  kinds,  you  may  set  it  down  that  he  has 
never  tried  a  Ransome  Mixer  combined  with  Ransome 
Concrete  Carts  or  with  Ransome  Concrete  Dumping 
Buckets  and  Friction  Crab  Hoists.  For  you  should 
remember  that  batch  mixers  of  the  tilting  type  can 
never  be  compared  in  output  with  a  Ransome  Mixer, 
which  does  not  tilt,  and  that  the  accessories  used  with 
a  Ransome  Mixer  are  often  quite  as  essential  to  eco- 
nomic success  as  is  the  mixer  itself. 

Labor  Cost  of  a  Concrete  Retaining  Wall,  Using 
a  Mixing  and  Hoisting  Plant  Mounted  in  a  Movable 
Tower.  Engineering  Contracting. — To  build  a  con- 
crete retaining  wall,  20  feet  high,  at  the  Grand  Cen- 


134 


tral  Station  of  the  New  York  Central  R.  R.,  New  York 
City,  the  contractors  have  installed  a  plant  that  is 
very  efficient  for  this  kind  of  work.  As  shown  in 
the  photograph,  Fig.  73,  a  No.  4  Ransome  Concrete 
Mixer  is  mounted  in  a  tower,  and  above  the  mixer  are 
bins  for  stone  and  sand.  The  stone  and  sand  are 
hoisted  and  dumped  into  the  bins  by  means  of  two 
Ransome  automatic  dumping  buckets.  These  buck- 
ets are  shown  at  the  bottom  of  the  tower,  on 
the  left  hand  side  of  the  photograph.  They  slide  in 
guides  and  dump  automatically  into  the  bins  when  they 
reach  the  proper  position.  The  buckets  are  hoisted 
by  a  Lidgerwood  double  drum  hoist  which  is  mounted 
on  the  same  floor  in  the  tower  as  the  mixer  is.  The 
Lidgerwood  hoist  is  driven  by  a  General  Electric  mo- 
tor; and  the  Ransome  mixer  is  driven  by  a  30  H.  P. 
General  Electric  motor.  The  electric  current  is  ob- 
tained from  the  street  line  nearby.  This  use  of  electric 
motors  on  contact  work  is  becoming  more  and  more 
common,  especially  in  cities.  A  licensed  engineer  is 
not  required  to  operate  a  motor,  and  the  cost  of  mount- 
ing and  shifting  a  heavy  steam  boiler  is  avoided. 

Each  of  the  two  storage  bins  for  stone  and  sand 
holds  10  cubic  yards;  and  about  100  barrels  of  cement 
are  also  stored  in  the  tower.  The  bags  of  cement  are 
hoisted  in  the  sand  bucket.  The  stone  and  sand  are 
discharged  from  the  bins  into  a  measuring  hopper, 
into  which  the  cement  is  also  emptied.  Then  by  open- 
ing a  gate  the  materials  are  discharged  into  the  mixer. 
The  concrete  is  mixed  in  the  proportions  of  1:3:6;  Atlas 
cement  being  used.  The  mixer  is  a  No.  4  Ransome, 
having  a  capacity  of  40  cubic  feet  of  loose  materials, 
that  is,  4  cubic  feet  cement,  12  cubic  feet  sand,  and  24 


135 


cubic  feet  stone.  The  weight  of  the  mixer  on  skids  is 
5,000  pounds.  Each  of  the  Ransome  automatic  dump- 
ing buckets  used  on  this  work  is  of  a  size  to  fit  the  mix- 
er, and  holds  40  cubic  feet  water  measure. 

The  tower  travels  on  a  track  whose  rails  are  13  feet 
apart,  the  inner  rail  being  5  feet  from  the  face  of  the 
concrete  wall.  A  standard  gauge  track  is  laid  between 
the  rails  of  the  lower  track,  so  that  cars  of  sand  and 
stone  may  be  delivered  on  both  sides  of  the  auto- 
matic hoisting  buckets.  The  sand  is  shoveled  direct 
from  the  cars  into  the  bucket  used  for  hoisting  the 
sand,  and  the  cement  is  delivered  on  the  shoulders  of 
men  from  box  cars.  The  stone  cannot  be  shoveled 
direct  from  the  cars  into  the  bucket,  due  to  the  fact 
that  the  output  of  the  mixer  is  so  great  that  enough 
men  cannot  be  crowded  into  the  small  space  available 
near  the  bucket.  'Hence  a  light  platform  is  erected  be- 
tween the  two  tracks  as  shown  in  the  photograph, 
so  that  wheelbarrows  can  be  run  from  the  stone  cars 
to  the  hoisting  bucket.  The  stone  is  delivered  on  flat 
cars,  and  shoveled  into  wheelbarrows  of  the  end-dump 
pattern.  The  barrows  are  wheeled  to  the  hoisting 
bucket.  If  it  were  possible  to  avoid  this  wheelbarrow 
work  the  cost  could  be  greatly  reduced.  It  seems  to 
the  writer  that  a  clam-shell  bucket  operated  by  a  loco- 
motive crane  could  be  used  instead  of  the  men  who 
shovel  and  wheel  the  stone.  Such  a  clam-shell  would 
have  to  handle  stone  at  the  rate  of  about  40  cubic 
yards  per  hour.  To  deliver  the  stone  from  the  clam- 
shell bucket  to  the  hoisting  bucket,  a  steel  lined  chute 
could  be  provided,  or  a  small  end-dump  car,  operated 
by  a  cable,  could  be  used  to  convey  the  broken  stone 
to  the  hoisting  bucket.    It  happens  that  on  this  par- 


136 


ticular  work  a  locomotive  crane  is  used  to  shift  the 
concrete  forms  in  panels.  Hence  the  cost  of  plant  need 
not  be  materially  increased,  provided  the  locomotive 
crane  is  used  to  shift  the  forms  at  night. 

A  clam-shell  would  not  clean  up  the  bottom  of  the 
cars,  it  is  true,  but  the  cleaning  can  be  done  by  hand, 
shoveling  the  stone  directly  into  the  hoisting  bucket. 
We  ofifer  this  as  a  suggestion.  Scow  loads  of  stone 
are  unloaded  at  small  cost  by  using  clam-shell  buckets ; 
but  the  shallow  and  narrow  piles  of  stone  in  flat  cars 
may  not  be  so  profitably  unloaded  by  clam-shells.  Any 
information  from  our  readers  bearing  upon  this  point 
will  be  gladly  received  by  the  editor. 

The  concrete  is  delivered  from  the  mixer  into  two 
dump  cars  of  the  end  dump  pattern,  each  holding  i 
cubic  yard.  These  cars  run  on  a  light  track  (2  ft.  gauge) 
laid  in  sections  upon  the  cross-pieces  connecting  the 
uprights  of  the  forms.  The  track  is  a  single  track  with- 
^out  switches^  as  there  is  no  room  to  switch.  Hence 
one  car  must  wait  for  the  other.  Four  men  are  used 
to  push  each  car,  making  8  men  transporting  the  con- 
crete. Then  there  are  two  more  men  whose  duty  is  to 
assist  in  dumping  the  cars,  and  who  clean  the  track  of 
any  concrete  which  may  lodge  upon  it. 

The  wall  is  built  in  sctions  51  feet  long,  each 
section  containing  250  cubic  yards.  One  of  these  sec- 
tions is  filled  in  8  hours,  wth  the  greatest  ease ;  and,  by 
a  little  hustling,  a  section  can  be  filled  in  6}i  hours, 
which  is  at  the  rate  of  37  cubic  yards  of  concrete  per 
hour.  Since  each  batch  is  about  i  cubic  yard  of  con- 
crete measured  in  place,  this  is  an  excellent  output, 
only  a  trifle  more  than  minutes  being  required  per 
batch.    The  actual  time  of  making  a  batch  is  often 


137 


less  than  this,  but  slight  delays  and  rests  on  the  part 
of  the  men  increase  the  average  time  per  batch. 

Working  eight  hours  per  day,  the  daily  cost  of  oper- 
ating this  mixing  plant  is  as  follows,  wages  being 
$1.50  for  laborers : 

Per  Day. 


2  men  carrying  cement   3-00 

6  men  shoveling  sand   9.00 

17  men  shoveling  stone    25.00 

II  men  wheeling  stone   16.00 

2  men  at  stone  and  sand  bins   3- 00 

2  men  opening  cement  bags   3- 00 

I  man  dumping  hopper   1.50 

I  man  dumping  mixer    1.50 

1  man  cleaning  chute  of  mixer,  etc   i .  50 

8  men  pushing  2  cars    12.00 

2  men  clearing  track,  etc   3.00 

7  men  spading  concrete    10 -SO 

I  motorman  or  engineer   3- 00 

I  foreman    5.00 

Electricity,  estimated    7.00 

Total,  250  cubic  yards,  at  40  cents  $105.00 


Take  note  that  40  per  cent,  of  this  cost  is  charged 
to  shoveling  and  wheeling  the  broken  stone  to  the 
hoisting  bucket.  The  spading  or  ramming  of  the  con- 
crete is  4  cents  per  cubic  yard,  but  even  this  seems 
unnecessary  to  the  writer,  because  a  very  sloppy  con- 
crete is  used.  However,  some  large  stones,  or  ''plums,'' 
are  embedded  in  the  concrete,  and  the  men  engaged  in 
spading  attend  to  the  bedding  of  these  large  stones, 
they  also  spade  the  concrete  so  as  to  leave  2  or  3  inches 
of  clear  mortar  on  the  front  face  of  the  wall. 

The  forms  are  shown  in  detail  herewith.    They  are 


138 


made  in  panels  51  feet  long,  so  that  a  locomotive  crane 
can  shift  the  forms.  The  front  panel  is  lined  on  the 
inside  with  thin  sheet-steel,  so  as  to  leave  a  smooth 
concrete  surface.  The  concrete  is  allowed  to  set  over 
night;  then  the  forms  are  stripped  ofif,  and  the  face  of 
the  wall  is  rubbed.  A  locomotive  crane  (45  feet  boom) 
made  by  the  Browning  Engineering  Co.^  is  used  to 
shift  the  forms.  The  crane  is  used  most  of  the  time  in 
excavating  work,  and  we  are  unable  to  say  just  how 
long  it  is  occupied  in  shifting  the  forms.  Three  sets 
of  forms  are  used,  so  as  to  avoid  delays.  A  gang  of 
10  carpenters,  or  dock  builders,  is  kept  busy  most  of 
the  time  on  the  work  of  moving  the  forms  and  re-as- 
sembling. They  also  scrape  and  oil  the  inside  of  the 
forms.  Allowing  $5  a  day  for  the  use  of  the  locomo- 
tive crane,  and  $25  a  day  for  carpenter  work,  we  have 
a  cost  of  12  cents  per  cubic  yard  of  concrete  for  shift- 
ing the  forms.  This  brings  the  total  labor  cost  up  to 
52  cents  per  cubic  yard. 

The  contractor  for  this  work  is  the  O'Rourke  En- 
gineering Construction  Co.,  of  New  York.  Mr.  A.  B. 
Corthell,  Terminal  Engineer,  is  in  charge  of  the  work. 

Hoist  and  Car  Plant  for  Mixing  and  Placing  Con- 
crete for  a  30-Span  Arch  Viaduct."^'- — A  combination  of 
bucket  hoists  and  cars  was  successfully  used  recently 
in  constructing  a  long  concrete  arch  viaduct  for  the 
Union  R.  R.  at  Pittsburg,  Pa.  The  contractors  were 
the  McKelvey-Hine  Co.,  of  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  and  we  are 
indebted  to  them  for  the  information  given. 

The  double  track  concrete  viaduct  replaced  a  single 
track  steel  viaduct,  being  built  around  and  embedding 

*  "Engineering-Contracting'',  Dec.  18,  1907. 


139 


the  original  steel  structure  which  was  maintained  in 
service.  The  concrete  viaduct  consisted  of  21  spans 
of  26  feet,  7  spans  of  16  feet,  and  2  spans  of  22  feet. 
With  piers  it  required  about  15,000  cubic  yards  of  con- 
crete. Two  Ransome  concrete  hoists,  one  on  each  side 
of  the  original  steel  structure  near  one  end,  were  sup- 
plied with  concrete  by  a  No.  4  Ransome  mixer.  The 
mixer  discharged  direct  into  the  bucket  of  one  hoist 
and  by  means  of  a  shuttle  car  and  chute  into  the 
bucket  of  the  other  hoist. 

The  shuttle  car  ran  from  the  mixer  up  an  incline 
laid  with  two  tracks,  one  narrow  gauge  and  one  wide 
gauge,  having  the  same  center  line.  The  car  was  open 
at  the  front  end  and  its  two  rear  wheels  rode  on  the 
broad  gauge  rails  and  its  two  forward  wheels  rode  on 
the  narrow  gauge  rails.  At  the  top  of  the  incline  the 
narrow  gauge  rails  pitched  sharply  below  the  grade  of 
the  broad  gauge  rails  so  that  the  rear  end  of  the  car 
was  tilted  up  enough  to  pour  the  concrete  into  a  chute 
which  led  to  the  bucket  of  the  hoist.  The  sand  and 
gravel  bins  were  elevated  above  the  mixer  and  received 
their  materials  from  cars  which  dumped  directly  from 
the  steel  viaduct. 

The  hoist  buckets  discharged  into  two  hoppers 
mounted  on  platforms  on  the  old  viaduct.  These  plat- 
forms straddled  two  narrow  gauge  tracks,  one  on  each 
side  of  the  old  viaduct  parallel  to  and  clearing  the  main 
track.  These  side  tracks  were  carried  on  the  cantilever 
ends  of  long  timbers  laid  across  the  old  viaduct  be- 
tween ties.  At  street  crossings  the  overhanging  ends 
of  the  long  timbers  were  strutted  diagonally  down  to 
the  outside  shelf  of  the  bottom  chords  of  the  plate  gir- 
der spans.    Six  cars  were  used  and  the  concrete  was 


140 


dumped  by  them  directly  into  the  forms ;  the  fall  from 
the  track  above  being  in  some  cases  40  feet.  The 
hoists  and  shuttle  car  were  operated  by  an  8^x12 
inch  Lambert  derrick  engine,  the  boiler  of  which  also 
supplied  steam  to  the  mixer  engine.  The  concrete  cars 
were  operated  by  cable  haulage  by  two  Lambert  7x10 
inch  engines. 

The  labor  force  employed  in  mixing  and  placing 
concrete,  including  form  work^  was  45  men,  and  this 
force  placed  on  the  average  200  cubic  yards  of  concrete 
per  day.  Assuming  wages  we  get  the  following  costs 
of  different  parts  of  the  work  for  labor  above: 


Item. 

Per  day.  Per  cu.  yd. 

I  timekeeper  at  $2.50  

..  $2.50 

$0.0125 

I  general  foreman  at  $5  

5.00 

0.0250 

3  enginemen  at  $5  

..  15.00 

0.0750 

I  carpenter  foreman  at  $4.  .  .  . 

4.00 

0 . 0200 

42 . 00 

0.2100 

I  foreman  at  $4  

4.00 

0 . 0200 

8  men  mixing  and  transporting 

at  $175  

....  14.00 

0 . 0700 

13  men  placing  concrete  at  $1 . 

75  22.75 

0. 1137 

I  foreman  finishing  at  $a  .  .  .  . 

4.00 

0 . 0200 

4  laborers  finishing  at  $1.75  . 

7 . 00 

0.0350 

45  men  at  $2.70  

$120.25 

$0.6012 

It  is  probable  that  the  carpenter  work  includes 
merely  shifting  and  erecting  forms  and  not  the  first 
cost  of  framing  centers.  No  materials^  of  course,  are 
included.  It  should  be  kept  in  mind  that  while  the 
output  and  labor  force  are  exact  the  wages  are  as- 
sumed. 


141 


Cost  of  Forms  for  Concrete. — For  estimating  the 
cost  of  forms  for  retaining  walls  and  piers,  ''Engi- 
neering-Contracting" gives  the  following  rule : 

Multiply  the  number  of  square  feet  surface  area  of 
the  sides  and  ends  of  the  wall  or  piers  by  2.8,  and 
the  product  will  be  the  number  of  feet  board  measure 
required  for  sheet  plank  and  studs  for  the  forms. 

If  the  form  lumber  can  be  used  more  than  once, 
divide  the  number  of  feet  board  measure  by  the  num- 
ber of  times  that  it  can  be  used,  to  ascertain  the 
amount  to  be  charged  to  each  pier. 

The  foregoing  rule  is  based  on  the  assumption 
that  the  sheeting  plank  will  be  2  in.  thick,  and  that 
the  upright  studs  will  be  4x6  in.,  spaced  2^^  ft.  center 
to  center,  or  3x6  in.  studs  spaced  2  ft.  center  to  center. 
No  allowance  is  included  for  timber  to  brace  the  studs, 
since  it  is  customary  to  hold  the  forms  together  either 
with  bolts  or  with  ordinary  No.  9  telegraph  wire  which 
weighs  0.06  lbs.  per  foot. 

Where  carpenters'  wages  are  $3.00  a  day,  forms 
can  be  erected  and  taken  down  for  about  $8  per  1,000 
feet  B.  M.  Since  there  are  2.8  feet  B.  M.  of  forms  per 
square  feet  of  surface  area  of  concrete  to  be  sheeted, 
it  costs  $8x2.8,  or  2^  cents  per  square  feet  for  the  la- 
bor of  carpenters  erecting  and  taking  down  the  forms. 
If  lumber  is  worth  $24  per  1,000  feet  B.  M.,  then  the 
lumber  itself  costs  $24x2.8,  or  6^  cents  per  square 
feet  of  concrete  surface ;  but  if  the  lumber  can  be  used 
three  times,  we  have  1-3  of  6%  or  2^  cents  per  square 
feet  of  concrete  as  the  cost  of  the  lumber,  to  which 
must  be  added  the  2^  cents  per  square  feet  for  the 


142 


carpenters'  labor,  making  a  total  of  4^  cents  per 
square  feet  of  concrete  surface. 

By  dividing  the  total  number  of  cubic  yards  of  con- 
crete into  the  total  number  of  square  feet  to  be 
sheeted  with  forms,  the  number  of  square  feet  per 
cubic  yard  is  obtained.  Multiply  this  number  of  square 
feet  by  4^  cents,  and  the  product  is  the  cost  per  cubic 
yard  for  material  and  labor  in  the  forms,  assuming  the 
material  to  be  used  three  times. 

To  illustrate :  Suppose  we  have  a  concrete  pier 
averaging  18  ft.  high,  6  ft.  thick  and  12  ft.  long,  what 
will  the  forms  cost  per  cu.  yd.,  assuming  that  the 
lumber  in  the  forms  can  be  used  over  three  times?  The 
surface  area  of  the  two  ends  of  the  pier  is  6  x  18,  or 
108  sq.  ft.  for  each  end,  or  216  sq.  ft.  for  the  two  ends. 
The  surface  area  of  the  two  sides  is  2  x  12  x  18,  or 
432  sq.  ft.  Hence  the  total  area  to  be  sheeted  with 
forms  is  216  +  432,  or  648  sq.  ft.  Now,  the  total 
number  of  cubic  yards  is  6  x  12  x  18  -i-  27,  or  48  cu. 
yds.  Hence  there  are  648  -i-  48,  or  13^  sq.  ft.  of 
forms  per  cu.  yd.  of  concrete.  Since  the  forms  will 
cost  4^  X  13.^,  or  6o}i  cents,  practically  60  cents  per 
cu.  yd.  of  concrete  to  be  paid  for  the  labor  and  ma- 
terial in  the  forms. 

Each  job  should  be  figured  in  this  manner,  for  it  is 
evident  that,  if  a  wall  is  thin,  the  cost  of  the  forms 
per  cubic  yard  of  wall  will  be  high.  If  the  wall  is 
thick,  it  will  be  low. 

It  is  often  possible  to  make  the  forms  in  panels, 


143 


or  sections,  which  are  not  knocked  to  pieces  each 
time  they  are  moved,  but  are  moved  bodily.  Then 
they  may  be  used  again  and  again,  not  only  effecting 
a  saving  in  lumber,  but  in  labor.  But  in  calculating 
the  number  of  panels  that  will  be  needed,  and  the 
number  of  times  that  they  can  be  used,  it  must  be 
remembered  that  it  is  not  safe  to  strip  the  forms  from 
the  concrete  inside  24  hours — even  of  retaining  walls, 
and  that  where  the  concrete  must  act  as  an  arch  or 
beam,  as  in  bridges  and  floors,  the  forms  must  usually 
be  left  in  place  at  least  two  weeks  to  give  the  concrete 
time  to  gain  enough  strength  to  carry  its  own  weight 
and  any  construction  loads  that  may  come  upon  it. 
On  the  other  hand,  centers  and  forms  for  small  con- 
crete sewers,  up  to  5  or  6  feet  diameter,  are  usually 
moved  with  safety  within  24  to  36  hours,  provided  the 
work  is  not  done  in  freezing  weather.  In  cold  weather 
concrete  takes  longer  to  set  or  harden,  and,  in  very 
cold  weather,  it  will  not  set  at  all  unless  protected 
from  the  cold.  Where  concrete  is  put  into  buildings, 
and  wherever  it  is  used  in  thin  beams  or  arches,  it  is 
an  excellent  plan  to  make  small  cubes  of  concrete  from 
the  same  batches  that  go  into  the  structure,  and  let 
these  cubes  harden  under  practically  the  same  con- 
ditions as  the  concrete  in  the  structure.  Then  by 
breaking  these  cubes,  the  contractor  can  determine 
when  it  ^'^  safe  to  remove  the  forms. 

The  Size  of  Cement  Barrels. — A  barrel  of  Portland 
cement  contains  380  lbs.  of  cement,  and  the  barrel 
itself  weighs  about  20  lbs.  more.  The  size  of  barrels 
varies  considerably,  hence  the  number  of  cubic  feet 


144 


of  cement  in  a  barrel  is  by  no  means  the  same  for  all 
brands  of  cement.  As  a  rule,  a  barrel  of  American 
Portland  cement  has  a  capacity  of  3.5  cu.  ft.  of  packed 
cement.  But  when  the  cement  is  dumped  out  loose 
and  measured  in  a  box,  it  will  measure  4.0  to  4.2  cu.  ft. 
These  facts  are  quite  important,  because  specifications 
usually  require  that  concrete  shall  be  mixed  in 
a  ratio  of  one  part  cement  by  measure  to  so  many 
parts  sand  to  so  many  parts  broken  stone.  Therefore, 
if  the  contractor  is  allowed  to  measure  his  cement 
loose  in  a  box,  it  takes  less  cement  per  cubic  yard  of 
concrete  than  if  he  required  to  measure  his  cement 
packed  in  a  barrel.  Specifications  are  not  always  clear 
on  this  point,  but  the  most  general  practice  now  seems 
to  be  to  allow  3.8  cu.  ft.  of  cement  to  the  barrel,  which 
is  a  compromise  between  the  packed  measure  of  3.5  cu. 
ft.  and  the  loose  measure  of  4.0  cu.  ft.  Moreover,  3.8 
cu.  ft.  to  the  barrel  is  equivalent  to  100  lbs.  to  the 
"  cubic  foot  of  cement,  since  a  barrel  contains  380  lbs. 
Now,  sand  and  broken  stone  usually  weigh  less  than 
100  lbs.  to  the  cubic  foot,  so  that  if  the  proportions  of 
cement,  sand  and  stone  in  concrete  were  made  by 
weight  (as  some  engineers  contend  they  should  be), 
we  would  not  be  far  ofif  in  calling  a  barrel  of  cement 
equivalent  to  3.8  cu.  ft.  Perhaps  we  would  be  even 
closer  to  the  truth  if  we  called  a  barrel  4  cu.  ft.,  and 
that  is  a  very  convenient  standard  now  that  Portland 
cement  is  usually  bought  in  cloth  bags,  for  it  takes 
four  bags  to  make  a  barrel.  Then  each  bag  is  equiva- 
lent to  I  cu.  ft.  of  cement.  We  are  inclined  to  favor 
this  last  method  of  assuming  arbitrarily  that  every 


145 


barrel  of  Portland  cement  shall  be  called  4  cu.  ft.,  and 
every  bag  of  cement  shall  be  called  i  cu.  ft.  in  pro- 
portioning the  cement,  sand  and  stone. 

Natural  cement  is  lighter  than  Portland  and  not  so 
strong.  The  Western  (natural)  cements,  such  as 
Louisville  and  Akron,  weigh  265  lbs.  per  bbl.,  and  the 
barrel  weighs  15  lbs.  more.  The  Rosendale  (natural) 
cements  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  weigh  300  lbs. 
per  bbl.,  and  the  barrel  weighs  about  20  lbs.  more. 
Natural  cements  are  usually  sold  in  cloth  bags,  three 
bags  to  the  barrel,  instead  of  four  bags,  as  is  the  case 
with  Portland  Cement. 

Proportions  of  Ingredients  in  Concrete. — Concrete 
is  usually  made  by  mixing  one  part  (by  measure)  of 
cement  with  a  given  number  of  parts  of  sand  and 
broken  stone  or  gravel.  A  1 13 :6  concrete  means  i 
part  cement,  3  parts  sand  and  6  parts  broken  stone. 
A  1 :3 :6  mixture  is  very  commonly  specified  for  a 
Portland  Cement  concrete.  A  richer  mixture  of  i  :2  15 
is  often  specified  where  natural  cement  is  used  instead 
of  Portland. 

The  amount  of  cement,  sand  and  stone  required  to 
make  a  cubic  yard  of  concrete  varies  not  only  with 
the  proportion  of  the  parts  specified,  but  with  the  size 
of  the  cement  barrel  and  with  the  percentage  of  voids 
(interspaces)  in  the  sand  and  broken  stone.  The  fol- 
lowing table,  taken  from  Gillette's  "Handbook  of  Cost 
Data  for  Contractors,"  gives  the  amounts  of  materials 
required  to  make  i  cu.  yd.  of  concrete,  when  the  barrel 
of  cement  is  3.8  cu.  ft.,  the  sand  voids  40  per  cent,  and 
the  stone  voids  45  per  cent. : 


146 


Ingredients  in  1  Cubic  Yard  of  Concrete 


Proportions  By  Volume 

1:2:4 

1:2:5 

1:2:6 

1:2^/^:5 

1:2^:6 

1:3:4 

Bbls.  Cement  per  cii.  yd.  concrete 

1.46 

1.30 

1.18 

1.13 

1.00 

1.25 

Cu.  yds.  Ssnd 

0  41 

u.oo 

n 

\J.OO 

0.35 

0  53 

v_u,  ytis.  oione  ' 

0.82 

0  90 

1  00 

U.oU 

0.84 

0  71 

Proportions  By  Volume 

1:3:5 

1:3:6 

1:3:7 

1:4:7 

1:4:8 

1:4:9 

Bbls.  Cement  per  cu.  yd.  concrete 

1.13 

1.05 

0.96 

0.82 

0.77 

0.73 

Cu.  yds.  Sand 

0.48 

0.44 

0,40 

0.46 

0.43 

0.41 

Cu.  yds.  Stone  " 

0.80 

0.88 

0.93 

0.80 

0.86 

0.92 

To  illustrate  the  use  of  the  table,  supposing  the 
concrete  is  specified  to  be  i  part  cement,  3  parts  sand 
and  6  parts  broken  stone.  Then  we  find  in  the  col- 
umns headed  1:3:6  that  it  takes  1.05  bbls.  cement, 
0.44  cu.  yds.  sand  and  0.88  cu.  yds.  broken  stone  to 
make  i  cu.  yd.  concrete  packed  in  place. 

Very  often  it  is  desired  to  know  how  many  barrels 
of  cement  are  required  to  make  i  cu.  yd.  of  mortar. 
Some  tests  cited  by  Gillette  gave  the  following  re- 
sults : 

The  cement  barrel  in  this  case  was  assumed  to  hold 
3.65  cu.  ft.,  and  the  sand  had  38  per  cent,  voids. 

Percentage  of  Water  Reuired  in  Mortar.'^' — A  good 
rule  by  which  to  (Jetermine  the  percentage  of  water  by 
weight  for  any  given  mixture  of  mortar  is  as  follows : 
Multiply  the  parts  of  sand  by  8,  add  24  to  the  product 
and  divided  the  total  by  the  sum  of  the  parts  of  sand 
and  cement. 


*  Gillette^s  ^'Hand  Book  of  Cost  Data. 


147 


Example :  Required  percentage  of  water  for  a  mor- 
tar of  I  cement  to  3  sand : 

Solution 

1  cement  =24% 
3sandX8%  =24% 

4  parts  at  12%  =48% 

Hence  the  water  should  be  12  per  cent,  of  the 
combined  weight  of  the  cement  and  sand.  For  a  i:T 
mortar,  the  rule  gives  16  per  cent,  water.  For  i  :2 
mortar,  the  rule  gives  13^/^  per  cent,  water.  For  a  i  :6 
mortar,  the  rule  gives  10.3  per  cent,  water.  Inciden- 
tally, it  may  be  added,  the  percentages  of  water  ob- 
tained by  this  rule  gives  a  mortar  that  has  the  greatest 
adhesion  to  steel  rods  (see  Falk's  ''Cement,  Mortars 
and  Concretes.") 

Voids  in  Broken  Stone  and  Gravel.''' — The  percen- 
tage of  voids  in  loose,  broken  stone  depends  upon  the 
character  of  the  stone,  upon  whether  it  is  broken  by 
hand  or  in  a  crusher  (probably  also  on  the  kind  of 
crusher),  and  upon  whether  it  is  screened  into  differ- 
ent sizes,  or  the  run  of  the  crusher  is  taken. 

Pure  quartz  weighs  165  lbs.  per  cu.  ft.,  hence  broken 
quartz  having  40  per  cent,  voids  weighs  165  X  60  per 
cent.,  or  99  lbs.  per  cu.  ft.  Few  gravels  are  entirely 
quartz,  and  many  contain  stone  having  a  greater  spe- 
cific gravity  like  some  traps,  or  a  less  specific  gravity 
like  some  shales  and  sandstones. 

The  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  loose  gravel  or  stone 
is  therefore  no  accurate  index  of  the  percentage  of 
voids  unless  the  specific  gravity  is  known. 

*  Gillette's  ''Handbook  of  Cost  Data.'' 


148 


Specific  GraTity  of  Stone. 

(Condensed  from  Merrill's  "Stones  for  Building.") 


Trap,  Boston,  Mass.  .   2.78 

"     Dulutli,  Minn.....  2.8to3.0 

'»     Jersey  City,  N.  J   3.03 

Staten  Island,  N.Y   2.86 

Gneiss,  Madison  Ave.,  N.Y   2.92 

Granite,NewLondon,Conn....  2.66 

Greenwich,  Conn   2.84 

•*       Vinalhaven,  Me   2.66 

**       Quincy,  Mass   2.66 

^'^      Barre,  Vt   2.65 


Limestone,  Joilet,  111   2.56 

Quincy.  111.. 2. 51  to 2.57 
(oolitic)  Bedford, 

Ind  2. 25  to  2.45 

Marquette,  Mich..  2.34 

Glens  Falls.  N.Y..  2.70 
**         Lake  Champ?ain, 

N.Y  i   2.75 

Sandstone,  Portland,  Conn ...  2.64 

•*         Haverstraw,  N.  Y.  2.13 

Medina,  N.Y   2.41 

Potsdam.  N.Y... .  2.60 

tolt^Berea,  O....  2.12 


Specific  Gravity  of  Common  Minerals  and  Rocks. 


Apatite   2.92—3.25 

Basalt-.  -   3.01 

Calcite,  CaCOs   2.5  —2.73 

Cassiterlte.  Sn02   6.4  —7.1 

Cerrusite.  PbCog   6.46—6.48 

Chalcopyrite,  CuFeS2..  4.1  —4.3 

Coal,  anthracite   1.3  —1.84 

Coal,  bituminous   1.2  —1.5 

Diabase   2.6  —3.03 

Dlorite   2.92 

Dolomite,  CaMg  (003)2.  2.8—2.9 

Feldspar   2.44—2.78 

Felsite   2.65 

Galena,  PbS   7.25—7.77 

Garnet....   3.15—4.31 

Gneiss   2.62-2.92 

Granite   2.55—2.86 

GTypsum   2.3  —3.28 

Halite  (salt),  NaCl   2.1—2.56 

Hematite,  Fe208   4.5  —5.3 

Hornblende   3.05—3.47 

Limonite,  rea04  (0H)6.  3.6-4.0 


Limestone   2.35- 

Magnetite,  Fe304   4.9  - 

Marble...:   2.08- 

Mica   2.75- 

Mica  Schist   2.5  - 

Olivine  :   3.33- 

Porphyry   2.5  - 

Pyrite,  FeSg.:   4.83- 

Quartz.  Si02    2.5  - 

Quartzite   2.6  - 

Sandstone    2.0  - 

"       Medina   2.4 

«*       Ohio   2.2 

«*       Slaty   1.82 

Shale   2.4  - 

Slate   2.5  - 

Sphalerite,  ZnS   3.9  - 

Stibnite,  Sb^Ss   4.5  - 

Syenite   2.27- 

Talc   2.56- 

Trap....;   2.6  - 


-2.87 

-5.2 

-2.85 

-8.1 

-2.9 

-3.5 

-2.6 

-5.2 

-2.8 

-2.7 

-2.78 


-2.8 

-2.8 

-4.2 

-4.6 

-2.65 

-2.8 

■3.0 


Tables  show  specific  gravities  of  different  min- 
erals and  rocks,  and  weights  of  broken  stone  corre- 
sponding to  different  percentage  of  voids. 

It  is  rare  that  a  gravel  has  less  than  30  per  cent,  or 
more  than  45  per  cent,  voids.  If  the  pebbles  vary  con- 
siderably in  size,  so  that  the  small  fit  in  between  the 
large,  the  voids  may  be  as  low  as  30  per  cent;  but  if 
the  pebbles  are  tolerably  uniform  the  voids  will  ap- 
proach 45  per  cent. 

Broken  stone,  being  angular,  does  not  compact  so  read- 

ily. 


149 


lly  as  gravel,  and  shows  a  higher  percentage  of  voids  when 
the  fragments  are  uniform  in  size  and  shoveled  loosely  into 
a  box;  but  the  voids,  even  then,  seldom  exceed  52%. 

The  following  records  of  actual  tests  will  indicate  the 
range  of  void  percentages: 

Prof.  S.  B.  Newberry  gives  the  voids  in  Sandusky  Bay 
gravel,  %  to  %-in.  size,  as  being  42.4%  voids;  %  to  V2o-in. 
size,  35.9%  voids. 

Mr.  William  H.  Hall  gives  the  following  tests  on  mixtures 
of  Green  River,  Ky.,  blue  limestone  and  Ohio  River  washed 
gravel: 


stone 
100% 

80 

70 

60 

50 
0 


with 


Gravel 
0% 

20 

30 

40 

50 
100 


Voids  in  Mixture 
48% 
44 
41 

86 
35 


The  Stone  passed  a  2%-in.  screen  and  the  dust  was  re- 
moved by  a  fine  screen.   The  gravel  passed  a  l^/^-in.  screen. 

The  voids  in  mixtures  of  Hudson  River  trap  rock  and 
clean  gravel,  of  the  sizes  just  given  for  the  Kentucky  mate- 
rials, w-ere  as  follows: 


Trap  Gravel  Voids  in  Mixture 

100%               with                 0%  50% 

60                                       40  38X 

50                    "                   50  36 

0                    «•                100  35 

Mr.  H,  von  Schon  gives  tests  on  a  gravel  having  34.1% 
voids  as  follows: 

Betained  on  1-in  ring  i   lOlOy 

 y,  23.65 

"        No.  4  sieve   8  70 

*^        No.  10  sieve  ]  17  14 

"        No.  20  sieve                                               ***  2176 

No.  30sieve  .'.*;;;*  ^49 

"        No.  40  sieve                               ^   k 

Passed     No.  40  sieve                                              ***  559 

iVin  ring  \\\\\  lOO.OO 


ISO 


B  ^ 
*j  ft-:? 

Specifi 
Gravit 

Weigh 
Lbs. 
cu.  f1 

1.0 

vj  ^  •  o  o 

1,684 

2.0 

124.7 

3  367 

9  1 

130.9 

3,536 

2  2 

137.2 

3,704 

2.3 

143.4 

3,872 

2.4 

149.7 

4,041 

2.5 

155.0 

4,209 

2.6 

162.1 

4,377 

2.7 

168.4 

4,546 

2.8 

174.6 

A  71  4_ 
^Jt,  1  1  -1: 

2.9 

180.9 

4,882 

3.0 

187.1 

5.051 

3.1 

193.3 

5,219 

3.2 

1Q9.5 

5.388 

3.3 

205.8 

5,556 

3.4 

212.0 

5,724 

3.5 

218.3 

5,893 

Weight  in  Lbs.  per  cu.  yd.  when 
Voids  are 

30%  35%  400/0  45%'  50% 

1,178  1,094  1,010          926  842 

2,357  2,187  2,020  1,852  1,684 

2.475  2,298  2.121  1.946  1,768 

2,593  2.408  2,222  2,037  1,852 

2,711  2,517  2,323  2,130  1,936 

2,828  2,626  2,424  2,222  2,020 

2,946  2,736  2,525  2,315  2,105 

3,064  2,845  2,626  2.408  2,189 

3,182  2,955  2,727  2,500  2,273 

3.300  3,064  2,828  2,593  2,357 

3,418  3,174  2.929  2,685  2^441 

3,536  3,283  3,030  2,778  2,526 

3,653  3,392  3,131  2,871  2,609 

3,771  3.502  3,232  2.968  2,694 

3,889  3,611  3,333  8,056  2,778 

4,007  3  721  3,434  3,148  2.862 

4,125  3.830  8,535  3^41  2.041 

Voids  in  L.6ose  Broken  Stone. 


Authority. 


Sabin  

Wm.  M.  Black  

J.  J.  R.  Oroes  

S.^B.  Newberry  

H.  P.  Boardman  

v/m.  n.  HaiL. 

Wm.  H.  Hall  

Wm.  B.  Fuller  

Geo.  A.  Kimball  

Myron  8.  Falk  

W.  H.  Henby  

Ferot  

A.  W.  Dow  

Taylor  and  Thompson 


G.  W.  Chandler. 

Emile  Low  

C.  M.  Saville.... 


Voids. 

49.0 

44.0 

46.5 
47.5 

47.0 

39  to  42 
48  to  52 
48.0 

50.0 

47.6 
49.5 
48.0 
43.0 
46.0 
53.4 
51.7 
52.1 
45.3 
45.3 
54.5 
54.5 
45.0 
51.2 
40.0 
39.0 
46.0 


Remarks. 


Limestone,  crusher  run  after  screening 

out  }^-in.  and  under. 
Limestone  (1  part  screenings  mixed  with 

6  parts  broken  stone). 
Screened  and  washed.  2  ins.  and  under. 
Gneiss,  after  screening  out  >^'-in.  and 

under. 
Chiefly  about  egg  size. 
Chicago  limestone,  crusher  run. 

"  *'         screened  into  sizes. 

Green   River    limestone,  2)4  ins.  and 

smaller,  dust  screened  out. 
Hudson  River  trap,  2>^  ins.  and  smaller, 

dust  screened  out. 
New  Jersey  trap,  crusher  run,  ^  to  2.1  in. 
Koxbury  conglomerate,  >^  to  2ii  ins. 
Limestone,  K  to  3  Ins. 

2-in.  size, 
m-in.  size. 
Stone,  1.6  to  2.4  ins. 
0.8  to  1.6  in. 
0.4  to  0.8  in. 
Bluestone,  89%  being  IK  to  2X  Ins. 

90%  being  ^  to  l^^in. 
Trap,  hard,  1  to  23^  ins. 

Ktolin. 
0  to  2  Kins, 
soft,  3^  to  2  ins. 
Canton.  111. 

Buffalo  limestone,  crusher  run,  dust  In. 
Crushed  cobblestone,  screened  Into  sizes. 


How  To  Mix  Tar  Concrete  in  a  Ransome. — In  lay- 
ing a  tar  concrete  base  for  a  wood  covered  mill  floor, 
the  custom  is  to  mix  the  tar,  sand  and  stone  by  hand. 
But,  in  building  17,800  square  feet  of  mill  floor  at 
Shawinigan,  Canada,  Mr.  C.  H.  Chadesy,  the  engineer 
in  charge,  used  a  Ransome  Mixer  to  great  advantage. 
The  hot  materials  w^ere  fed  into  the  Ransoms  and  w^ere 
kept  hot  during  the  mixing  by  a  w^ood  fire  built  under 
the  drum  of  the  mixer.  A  little  ''dead  oil''  applied 
to  the  discharge  chute  and  to  the  wheelbarrows  and 
shovels  prevented  the  tar  concrete  from  adhering  to 
them.  This  is  only  another  instance  of  the  wide  appli- 
cability of  the  Ransome  Mixer.  A  tilting  mixer  could 
not  have  been  used  for  this  purpose,  because  during 
the  time  the  mixer  was  tilted  the  tar  would  have 
cooled  enough  to  make  it  stick.  This  is  but  another 
instance  proving  the  contractor's  adage :  ''A  Ran- 
some is  the  best  all  round  mixer  made." 

Shrinkage  of  Crushed  Stone. — The  following  table 
illustrating  the  settlement  of  crushed  stone  in  wagons 
will  be  of  interest  to  contractors  and  will  show  the  de- 
sirability from  the  contractor's  point  of  view,  of  in- 
serting in  the  purchase  agreement  for  crushed  stone  a 
clause  to  the  effect  that  this  material  shall  be  paid  for 
according  to  measurements  taken  on  arrival  of  wagons 
at  destination.  The  question  as  to  whether  the  wagons 
are  loaded  by  shovel  or  from  bins  has  a  considerable 
bearing  on  volume  of  the  material  per  given  weight 
and  where  prices  are  even  the  balance  is  strongly  in 
favor  of  the  dealer  whose  wagons  are  loaded  from 
bins. 


T53 


H  ^  ^ 

S  S  Q 

^  o  o- 


<  S 


< 


a 

H 
O 
55 


s 


•si 
1^ 


C^<M(MC<l 


T-H  ^  i?5  (M 
»C  »0 r** 


ood 


coco 


CX  Pi 


tfl  m  V)  V) 
bo  bo  bO  oo 

S.S.2.S 
'c'S'c'S 

(U  0)  0)  0) 


M      C<l  <M 


CM  CNJ  (M  (M  d 


2b 

12.6 

rn'  OS  »0 

tH 

P  P  S 
ctiiJi;  o  o 


.s.s.s.s.s  i 


CM      <M  CM  CNJ 


CO  CO  ^  C><  CO 
CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 


d  CO  CM 


•©CO 


♦  oco 


leod 


dP,P, 

o  o 


o  o  u  o  o 

.s.s.s.s.s 

CO  CO  CO  CO  CO 


153 


A  Little  '*Trick"  in  Charging  Concrete  Mixers.--=^ 

It  frequently  happens  that  a  Ransome  Concrete  Mixer 
must  he  charged  with  materials  delivered  from  stock 
piles  near  the  mixer.  The  wheelbarrow  method  is 
commonly  used  where  a  mixer  must  be  moved  at 
frequent  intervals;  but  a  cheaper  method,  where  the 
mixer  is  not  to  be  shifted  frequently,  is  to  charge  the 
mixer  by  the  use  of  dump  buckets  handled  by  a  der- 
rick. Now,  if  dump  buckets  are  used,  it  is  wise  to 
have  three  of  them^  each  being  large  enough  to  hold 
all  the  sand  and  stone  necessary  for  each  batch  of 
concrete.  Let  your  blacksmith  rivet  a  sheet-steel  par- 
tition in  each  bucket,  dividing  it  into  two  sections, 
one  section  for  stone  and  the  other  for  sand.  The 
sand  section  of  the  bucket  is  first  filled,  then  the 
bucket  is  swung  by  a  derrick  over  to  the  stone  pile, 
where  the  stone  section  of  the  bucket  is  filled.  By 
having  three  buckets,  no  delays  occur,  since  one 
bucket  is  always  at  the  sand  pile,  another  at  the  stone 
pile  and  the  third  delivering  the  charge  to  the  Ran- 
some Mixer.  When  this  method  is  used,  no  charging 
bins  are  required  at  the  mixer,  but  a  large  hopper  or 
chute  should  be  used  at  the  mixer  to  facilitate  dump- 
ing the  bucket.  When  this  method  is  employed,  it 
is  often  wise  to  mount  the  Ransome  Mixer  high 
enough  up  so  that  the  mixer  can  discharge  the  con- 
crete into  a  bin.  From  the  bin  the  concrete  is  drawn 
off  into  carts  or  cars  and  hauled  away.  A  concrete 
bin  should  be  equipped  with  a  Ransome  Discharge 
Gate,  Fig.  54. 

How  to  Use  a  Ransome  Mixer  as  a  Sand  Washer. 

— It  is  often  specified  that  dirty  sand  or  gravel  must 


154 


be  washed  before  it  can  be  used  in  making  concrete. 
The  expense  of  washing  sand  with  a  hose,  and  the 
cost  of  rehandhng  the  sand  several  times  before  and 
after  washing,  can  be  avoided  by  the  contractor  who 
owns  a  Ransome  Concrete  Mixer.  The  dirty  sand  is 
hauled  in  carts  or  barrows  to  the  mixer  and  dumped 
directly  into  it.  Water  is  then  turned  on  until  it  be- 
gins to  overflow  at  the  discharge  end  of  the  mixer 
into  a  trough.  The  operator  then  begins  to  revolve 
the  mixer  slowly.  The  steel  scoops  riveted  to  the 
inside  of  the  mixer  pick  up  the  sand  and  dump  it  back 
into  the  water^  so  that  the  dirt  in  the  sand  is  quickly 
washed  out  of  the  sand  and  held  in  suspension  by  the 
water.  A  small  stream  of  water  is  constantly  fed 
into  the  mixer  as  the  dirty  water  runs  out.  In  a  few 
moments  clear  water  begins  to  flow  from  the  mixer, 
showing  that  the  sand  is  clean.  Then  the  operator 
lowers  the  discharge  chute  and  delivers  the  clean  sand 
into  carts  or  other  conveyances.  So  far  as  we  know, 
the  Ransome  is  the  only  concrete  mixer  that  has  ever 
been  used  successfully  for  washing  sand  or  gravel. 
Its  design  is  such  as  to  make  it  the  only  mixer  on  the 
market  that  can  be  used  economically  for  the  purpose 
of  washing  dirty  sand  or  gravel. 

Formula  for  Computing  the  Compressive  Strength 
of  Concrete. — The  following  formulas  by  Mr.  Edwin 
Thacher,  M.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E.,  from  experiments  con- 
ducted at  Watertown  Arsenal  may  be  relied  upon  as 
giving  the  compressive  strength  of  concrete  made  of 
good  materials.  The  strengths  are  given  in  pounds 
per  square  inch  of  compression  surface.  The  formu- 
las are: 


155 


/  Volume  Sand  \ 

7  days  old  =  1800  —  200     |  -rj—.  r  I 

^      ^  \  Volume  Cement  / 

(Volume  Sand  \ 
Volume  CementJ 


Volume  Sand 


Volume  Cement / 


90  days  old  =  3820  —  460  ^ 

(Volume  Cement \ 
Volume  Sand  / 


Waterproof  Concrete. — It  has  been  determined  in 
construction  of  reservoirs,  etc.,  that  an  admixture  of 
about  ten  per  cent,  of  hydrated  lime  to  the  amount  of 
cement  used  will  make  a  rich  mixture  of  concrete 
waterproof.  There  are  also  a  number  of  patented  mix- 
tures, which  when  added  to  the  concrete  during  mix- 
ing or  washed  on  the  surface  of  the  concrete  after  the 
removal  of  forms,  have  a  water-proofing  effect. 

When  it  is  desired  to  obtain  a  concrete  that  is  im- 
pervious to  water,  a  rich  mixture  of  not  more  than  i — 
2 — 4  should  be  used,  the  broken  stone  or  screened 
graved  to  be  clean  and  range  in  size  from  ^  in.  to  Y\ 
in.  in  diameter. 

It  has  been  determined  that  concrete  reaches  its 
maximum  strength  in  about  three  years.  To  retard  the 
settling  of  cement,  which  is  desirable  at  times  in  order 
that  it  will  attain  greater  strength  ultimately,  add 
three  pounds  slacked  lime  and  a  solution  of  common 
salt  and  water,  using  two  pounds  to  the  gallon,  and 
add  one  gallon  of  the  solution  to  each  barrel  of  cement 
used. 


iS6 

FORMULAS 

For  the  Design  of  Reinforced  Concrete  Beams, 

Mb  =  Ultimate  bending  moment  in  inch  lbs. 

— —  =  Mb  simple  beam  uniformly  loaded, 
o 

wP 

—  =  Mb  continuous  beam  uniformly  loaded, 
lo 

w  =  weight  on  beam  per  lineal  ft. 

1  =  length  of  beam  from  cen.  to  cen.  of  supports. 

Mr  =  Mb. 

Mr  =  9obd^ 

b  =  width  of  beam. 

d  =  depth  of  beam. 

With  steel  of  an  elastic  limit  of  54,000  lbs.  use  an 
area  of  0.75  per  cent.  bd. 

With  steel  of  an  elastic  limit  of  35,000  lbs.  use  i.oo 
to  1.25  per  cent  bd. 

Concrete  Footings. 

Plain  concrete  footings  for  earth  pressure  of 

1  ton    per  sq.  ft.  height  =  0.5    (base — width  col.) 

2  tons  per  sq.  ft.  height  =  0.75  (base — width  col.) 

3  tons  per  sq.  ft.  height  =  0.90  (base — width  col.) 

4  tons  per  sq.  ft.  height  =  (base — width  col.) 

Step  footings  in  courses. 
Reinforced  concrete  footings  for  earth  pressure  of 

1  ton   per  sq.  ft.  height  =  0.175  (base — width  col.) 

2  tons  per  sq.  ft.  height  =  0.35    (base — width  col.) 

3  tons  per  sq.  ft.  height  =  0.525  (base — width  col.) 

4  tons  per  sq.  ft.  height  =  0.70    (base — width  col.) 

For  reinforcement  use  rods  of  a  diameter  equal  to 
base  100  spaced  10  times  their  diameter  apart  and 
one-tenth  of  height  from  bottom  of  footing. 


157 

Bearing  Power  of  Soils 


Bearing  Power  in  tons 

rwinci  or  iviateriai 

per.  sq.  ft. 

Min. 

Max. 

Rock — the  hardest — in  thick  layers  of  native  bed 

200 

25 

30 

j\j 

*•              brick  "   

15 

20 

*♦       **     ««            i<  «« 

J 

1  V/ 

A 

4 

r 
O 

2 

4 

it  Cm. 

1 

2 

8 

10 

4 

6 

2 

4 

0.5 

1 

The  Use  of  Slag  or  Cinder  Aggregates. — 1  he  use  of 

slag  or  cinder  as  aggregates  for  concrete  should  be  de- 
cided upon  only  after  careful  investigation.  In  many 
cases  the  economy  effected  is  only  apparent,  not  real. 
By  reason  of  the  greater  percentage  of  voids  in  slag 
and  cinders  as  compared  with  broken  stone,  a  much 
larger  proportion  of  mortar  is  required  to  secure 
smooth  work,  and  the  resulting  concrete  is  never  as 
strong  as  good  broken  stone  concrete,  where  an  equal 
volume  of  cement  is  used. 

Hints  for  Specification  Writers. — During  the  past 
year  we  have  received  many  requests  for  assistance 
in  the  preparation  of  specifications  for  reinforced  con- 


158 

Crete  buildings,  and,  in  view  of  the  disastrous  failures 
reported  during  the  year,  we  believe  the  suggestions 
embodied  in  the  following  paragraphs  may  prove  of 
service. 

In  piteparing  specifications  it  is  of  course  necessary 
to  consider  the  requirements  of  the  body  (municipal, 
insurance,  etc.)  under  whose  jurisdiction  the  struc- 
ture will  fall.  For  the  purpose  of  facilitating  con- 
formity to  such  laws  we  print  herewith  a  table  pub- 
lished by  the  Association  of  Portland  Cement  Manu- 
facturers. 

Reinforced  concrete  is  a  new  building  material  and 
should  be  treated  as  such.  In  the  vast  majority  of 
structures  the  designer  ignores  entirely  this  fact  that 
reinforced  concrete  has  structural  individuality  of  its 
owri,  and  is  ill-suited  to  designs  which,  however  excel- 
lent in  themselves,  are  the  outcome  of  years  of  prac- 
tise with  wood,  brick  and  masonry.  There  should  be, 
and  ultimately  will  be,  an  architecture  of  reinforced 
concrete. 

If  you  cannot  get  same  results  by  applying  a  new 
building  material  to  a  preconceived  design,  no  more 
can  you  ensure  efficient  workmanship  in  the  new 
material  by  applying  specifications  which  have  been 
developed  by  years  of  practice  or  malpractice  with 
materials  of  entirely  different  qualities. 

There  are  few  text  books  on  reinforced  concrete, 
and  the  only  teacher  available  is  experience.  The  im- 
portance of  experience  cannot  be  too  strongly  empha- 
sized as  an  indication  of  competence. 


159 


It  is  not  possible  always  to  secure  a  contractor 
experienced  in  reinforced  concrete,  and  it  becomes, 
therefore,  all  the  more  important  that  the  specifica- 
tions shall  be  drawn  up  carefully  and  that  they  shall 
provide  every  safeguard  against  faulty  workmanship 
and  materials.  These  safeguards  should  be  largely  in 
the  line  of  tests,  not  only  of  materials  before  going 
into  the  work,  but  tests  of  the  completed  work. 

Incessant  Watchfulness  is  the  price  of  success. 
The  most  perfect  design,  the  most  scrupulous  honesty 
may  be  defeated  by  carelessness  or  ignorance  on  the 
part  of  a  single  workman.  Nothing  must  be  left  to 
chance,  and  it  is  essential  that  the  contractor  be 
thoroughly  equipped  as  to  plant  and  organization; 
that  the  personnel  of  his  corps  of  assistants,  and  their 
organization  be  such  as  to  secure  perfect  supervision 
of  the  work. 

In  view  of  the  current  system  of  letting  contracts, 
the  specification  is  of  extreme  importance.  In  many, 
if  not  in  most  cases,  the  contract  is  let  to  the  lowest 
bidder,  who  is  to  furnish  the  plans  for  the  Reinforced 
Concrete  Construction.  This  practice  arose  from  the 
fact  that  until  very  recent  years  the  work  has  been 
carried  on  by  a  few  individuals  or  firms  controlling 
one  form  or  another  of  reinforcing  metal,  and,  with  the 
universal  desire  for  competition  and  lack  of  knowledge 
upon  the  part  of  architects,  it  became  customary  to 
allow  a  contractor  to  submit  a  proposition,  using  such 
style  of  reinforcement  as  he  desired.  To  this  prac- 
tice may  be  traced  most  of  the  serious  failures.  The 
growth  of  concrete  construction  was  abnormal.  The 
general  contractor  became  interested  and  in  many 


i6o 

cases  entered  the  field  with  all  the  confidence  of  ignor- 
ance. He  had  laid  pavements,  therefore  he  could  put 
up  a  building  concrete  work  was  easy.  Without  any 
knowledge  as  to  their  worth,  the  inexperienced  con- 
tractor depended  upon  designs  furnished  him  gratis, 
by  competing  salesmen  of  rival  concerns  selling  re- 
inforcing metal,  who  were  interested  only  in  selling 
the  materials,  and  the  temptation  to  skimp  the  de- 
sign, in  order  to  show  better  results  than  a  rival, 
was  strong.  This  practice  of  injecting  into  the 
contract  an  irresponsible  third  party  prevails  largely 
to-day.  It  is  pernicious  and  should  be  eliminated  by 
any  owner  who  desires  good  work. 

Your  contractor  should  be  an  engineer  of  recognized 
standing,  or  have  associated  with  him  a  consulting 
engineer  of  proved  ability,  who  shall  be  held  respon- 
sible for  the  design ;  and  it  is  preferable,  in  any  event, 
to  have  the  design  when  submitted  by  the  contractor 
checked  independently  by  an  engineer  representing  the 
owner. 

The  Importance  of  Tests. — We  cannot  impress  too 
strongly  upon  contractors  as  well  as  upon  architects 
and  owners  the  importance  of  tests  in  connection 
with  concrete  construction.  We  believe  most  of  the 
so-called  failures  of  concrete  construction  may  be 
directly  traced  to  failure  to  provide  proper  tests.  We 
submit  below  a  few  clauses  which,  if  incorporated  in 
specifications,  will  prevent  serious  trouble. 

I.  The  contractor  shall  maintain  a  testing  labora- 
tory, wherein  shall  be  provided  facilities  for  making 
such  tests  as  may  be  hereinafter  provided  for. 


i6i 

2  All  cement  shall  be  tested  as  to  conformity  with 
specification  for  cement  as  hereinafter  printed. 

3.  The  owner,  or  his  representative,  may  at  any 
time  select  samples  from  the  concrete  as  it  is  being 
laid.  If  such  samples  do  not,  at  the  expiration  of 
seven  days,  develop  the  strengths  as  assumed  in  the 
calculations,  he  may  immediately  have  that  portion  of 
the  work  wherein  such  material  was  used  tested  with 
full  working  load,  and,  if  such  work  shows  defects  or 
undue  weakness,  he  may  require  the  contractor,  at  his 
own  expense,  to  remove  such  section. 

4.  At  the  option  of  the  owner  any  section  of  a  floor 
may  be  tested  by  loading  with  the  full  working  load 
30  days  after  completion,  and,  in  the  event  of  undue 
cracking  or  failure,  may  require  the  contractor  to  re- 
place the  defective  section. 

The  following  general  specification,  with  accom- 
panying notes,  will  be  found  applicable,  as  a  whole,  or 
in  part,  to  most  structures  of  Re-inforced  concrete.  No 
attempt  has  been  made  to  cover  the  details,  such  as 
may  be  peculiar  to  any  one  work.  The  aim  has  been 
to  give  only  features  generally  applicable.  Dissent- 
ing voices  may  be  heard,  and  many  will  disagree  with 
certain  features,  but  it  is  hoped  that  the  mere  attempt 
to  outline  a  specification,  which  is  a  departure  from 
accepted  practice,  will  promote  discussion,  and  arouse 
thought  along  a  line  well  worthy  of  consideration. 

We  shall  appreciate  any  criticism  or  suggestion 
which  will  help  in  the  preparation  of  a  specification 
which  will  be  more  in  keeping  with  concrete  as  a  struc- 
tural entity,  than  the  ordinary  present  day  specifica- 
tion. 


1 62 


DESIGN. 

1.  Weight  of  Burned  Clay  Concrete. — The  v/eight 
of  burned  clay  concrete,  including  the  steel  reinforce- 
ment, shall  be  taken  at  150  lbs.  per  cu.  ft. 

2.  Weight  of  Other  Concrete. — The  weight  of  all 
•^ther  concrete,  including  the  reinforcement^  shall  be 
taken  at  150  lbs.  per  cu.  ft. 

3.  Weight  of  Materials. — Besides  the  above,  in 
calculating  the  dead  loads,  the  weights  of  the  different 
materials  shall  be  assumed  as  given  in  Table  No.  i. 

TABLE  NO.  I. 
Weights  of  Building  Materials,  etc. 
In  Pounds  per  Cubic  Foot. 


Material  Weight 

Paving  brick    150 

Building  brick   120 

Granite    170 

Marble    170 

Limestone    160 

Slag   140 

Gravel    120 

Slate    175 

Sand,  clay  and  earth,  no 

Mortar    100 

Stone  concrete    150 

Cinder  concrete    90 


Material.  Weight 

Plaster    140 

Glass    160 

Snow    40 

Spruce    25 

Hemlock    25 

White  Pine   25 

Oregon  Fir    30 

Yellow  Pine  40 

Oak    50 

Cast  Iron  450 

Wrought  iron   490 

Steel    490 

100 


Paving  asphaltum 

4.  Live  Loads. — The  following  table  gives  the 
uniformly  distributed  live  loads  for  which  structural 
members  shall  be  designed  when  their  dead  loads  are 
as  given  in  the  first  column  A : 


i63 

Table  No.  2 


DEAD  I^OAD 
Pounds  per  Square  Foot 


CORRESPONDING  I^IVE  I.OAD 
Pounds  per  Square  Foot 


(Column  A) 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

72 

103 

155 

194 

50  

63 

93 

140 

175 

59 

84 

126 

158 

53 

76 

114 

143 

80  

48 

69 

104 

130 

90  

46 

64 

96 

120 

100  

41 

58 

87 

109 

110  

37 

53 

80 

100 

120   

34 

49 

74 

93 

31 

44 

66 

81 

29 

41 

62 

78 

27 

39 

59 

74 

5.  D^vellings,  Etc. — The  live  loads  on  floors  for 
dwellings,  apartment  houses,  dormitories,  hospitals 
and  hotels,  shall  be  as  given  in  column  (i)  of  Table 
No.  II. 

6.  Schoolrooms,  Etc. — For  schoolrooms,  churches, 
ofiices,  theatre  galleries,  use  column  (2)  Table  No.  11. 

7.  Stores,  Etc. — For  ground  floors  of  office  build- 
ings, corridors  and  stairs  in  public  buildings,  ordinary 
stores,  light  manufacturing  establishments,  stables  and 
garages,  use  column  (3)  Table  No.  II. 

8.  Assembly  Rooms,  Etc. — For  assembly  rooms, 
main  floors  of  theatres,  ball  rooms,  gymnasiums  or  any 
room  likely  to  be  used  for  dancing  or  drilling,  use 
column  (4)  Table  No.  II. 

9.  Sidewalks,  —  For  sidewalks,  300  pounds  per 
square  foot. 


i64 

10.  Warehouses,  Etc. — For  warehouses,  factories, 
special  according  to  service,  but  not  less  than  column 
(4)  of  Table  No.  II. 

11.  Columns. — For  columns  the  specified  uniform 
live  loads  per  square  foot  shall  be  used  with  a  mini- 
mum of  20,000  pounds  per  column. 

12.  Reductions  on  Columns. — For  columns  carry- 
ing more  than  five  floors  the  live  loads  may ,  be  re- 
duced as  follows : 

For  columns  supporting  the  roof  and  top  floor, 
no  reduction. 

For  columns  supporting  each  succeeding  floor, 
a  reduction  of  5  per  cent,  of  the  total  live 
load  may  be  made  until  50  per  cent,  is 
reached,  which  reduced  load  shall  be  used 
for  the  columns  supporting  all  remaining 
floors. 

13.  Exceptions  to  Reductions  on  Columns. — This 

reduction  is  not  to  apply  to  live  load  on  columns  of 
warehouses,  and  similar  buildings  which  are  likely  to 
be  fully  loaded  on  all  floors  at  the  same  time. 

14.  Theory  of  Stress. — The  method  used  in  com- 
puting the  stresses  shall  be  such  that  the  resultant 
unit  stresses  shall  not  exceed  the  prescribed  unit 
stresses  as  computed  on  the  following  assumptions : 

(1)  That  a  plane  section  normal  to  the  neutral 

axis  remains  such  during  flexure,  from 
which  it  follows  that  the  deformation  in 
any  fibre  is  directly  proportionate  to  the 
distance  of  that  fibre  from  the  neutral  axis. 

(2)  That  the  modulus  of  elasticity  remains  con- 

stant within  the  limits  of  the  working 
stresses  fixed  in  these  regulations  and  is  as 
follows : 


i65 

Steel,  30,000,000  lbs.  per  square  inch. 
Burnt    clay    concrete,    1,500,000    lbs.  per 

square  inch. 
All  other  concrete,  2,000,000  lbs.  per  square 

inch. 

(3)  That  concrete  does  not  take  tension,  except 
that  in  floor  slabs,  secondary  tension  in- 
duced by  internal  shearing  stresses  may  be 
assumed  to  exist. 

UNIT  STRESSES. 

15.  Unit  Working  Stresses. — The  allowable  unit 
stresses  under  a  working  load  shall  not  exceed  the 
following: 

Burned  clay  or  cinder  concrete — • 

Direct   compression,  300   lbs.   per  square 
inch. 

Cross  bending,  400  lbs.  per  square  inch. 
Direct  shearing,  150  lbs.  per  square  inch. 
Shearing    where     secondary     tension  is 
allowed,  15  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

All  other  concretes — 

Direct  compression,   500   lbs.   per  square 
inch. 

Cross  bending,  800  lbs.  per  square  inch. 
Direct  shearing,  300  lbs.  per  square  inch. 
Shearing    where     secondary    tension  is 
allowed,  25  lbs.  per  square  inch. 

STEEL. 

Medium  Steel    High  Elastic  Limit  Steel 
Tension,  14,000  20,000 

16.  Compression  in  Steel. — The  compression  in 
the  steel  shall  be  computed  from  the  corresponding 


i66 


compression  in  the  concrete,  except  for  hooped 
columns. 

17.  Bonding  Stress  Plain  Bars. — The  Bonding 
stress  between  steel  and  concrete  under  working  load 
shall  not  exceed  the  folowing  for  plain  steel : 

For  medium  steel,  50  lbs.  per  superficial  sq.  in.  of 
contact. 

For  High  El.  Lim.  Steel,  30  lbs.  per  superficial  sq. 
in.  of  contact. 

18.  Bonding  Stress  other  than  Plain  Bars. — For 

bars  of  such  shape  throughout  their  length  that  their 
efficiency  of  bond  does  not  depend  upon  the  adhesion 
of  concrete  to  steel,  the  allowable  bonding  stress  un- 
der working  load  shall  be  determined  as  follows : 

The  bars  shall  be  imbedded  not  less  than  six  inches 
in  concrete  as  herein  defined  and  the  force  required  to 
pull  out  the  bar  shall  be  ascertained.  At  least  five 
such  tests  shall  be  made  for  each  size  of  bar  and  an 
affidavit  report  of  the  test  shall  be  submitted  to  the 
Commissioner  of  Public  Buildings,  who  shall  then  fix 
one-fourth  of  the  average  stress  thus  ascertained  at 
failure  as  the  allowable  working  stress. 

19.  Maximum  Column  Length. — The  unsupported 
length  of  a  column  shall  not  exceed  fifteen  times  its 
least  lateral  dimension. 

20^  Combined  Flexure  and  Compression. — In  a 
column  subjected  to  combined  direct  compression  and 
flexure,  the  extreme  fiber  stress  resulting  from  the 
combined  actions  shall  not  exceed  the  unit  stress  pre- 
scribed for  direct  compression. 

21.  Reinforcement  in  Columns. — All  columns  shall 
have  longitudinal  steel  members  so  arranged  as  to 


l67 


make  the  column  capable  of  resisting  flexure.  These 
longitudinal  members  shall  be  stayed  against  buckling 
at  points  whose  distance  apart  does  not  exceed  twenty 
times  the  least  lateral  dimension  of  the  longitudinal 
member.  In  no  case  shall  the  combined  area  of  cross- 
section  of  these  longitudinal  members  be  less  than  one 
per  cent,  of  the  area  of  the  concrete  used  in  proportion- 
ing the  column,  and  the  stays  shall  have  a  minimum 
cross  section  of  three  one-hundredths  of  a  square  inch 
(0.03  sq.  ins.). 

22.  Hooped  Columns. — If  a  concrete  column  is 
hooped  with  steel  near  its  outer  surface  either  in  the 
shape  of  circular  hoops  or  of  a  helical  cylinder,  and  if 
the  minimum  distance  apart  of  the  hoops  or  the  pitch 
of  the  helix  does  not  exceed  one-tenth  the  diameter 
of  the  column,  then  the  strength  of  such  a  column 
may  be  assumed  to  be  the  sum  of  the  following  three 
elements : 

(1)  The  compressive  resistance  of  the  concrete 

when  stressed  not  to  exceed  five  hundred 
pounds  per  square  inch  for  the  concrete 
enclosed  by  the  hooping,  the  remainder  be- 
ing neglected. 

(2)  The    compressive    resistance   of   the  longi- 

tudinal steel  reinforcement  when  stress  does 
not  exceed  allowable  working  stress  for 
steel  in  tension. 

(3)  The  compressive  resistance  which  would  have 

been  produced  by  imaginary  longitudinals 
stressed  the  same  as  the  actual  longitudi- 
nals;  the  volume  of  the  imaginary  longi- 
tudinals being  taken  at  two  and  four-tenths 
(2.4)  times  the  volume  of  the  hooping.  In 


i68 


computing  the  volume  of  the  hooping  it 
shall  be  assumed  that  the  section  of  the 
hooping  throughout  is  the  same  as  its  least 
section.  If  the  hooping  is  spliced  the  splice 
shall  develop  the  full  strength  of  the  least 
section  of  the  hooping. 

23.  Minimum  Covering  of  Steel. — The  minimum 
covering  of  concrete  over  any  portion  of  the  reinforc- 
ing steel  shall  be  as  follows : 

For  flat  slabs  not  less  than  one  inch. 
For  beams,  girders,  ribs,  etc.,  not  less  than  2 
inches. 

For  columns  not  less  than  two  inches.  In  com- 
puting the  strength  of  columns,  other  than 
hooped  columns,  the  outside  one  inch 
around  the  entire  column  shall  be  neglected. 

24.  Continuous  Beams. — Beams  continuous  over 
supports  shall  be  reinforced  to  take  the  full  negative 

"  bending  moment  over  the  supports,  but  shall  be  com- 
puted as  non-continuous  beams. 

25.  Minimum  Spacing  of  Steel. — The  minimum 
distance  center  to  center  of  reinforcing  steel  members 
shall  not  be  less  than  the  maximum  diameter  or  diag- 
onal dimensions  of  cross  section  plus  two  inches. 

26.  T-beams. — In  designing  T-beams,  the  width 
of  floor  slab  which  may  be  assumed  to  act  as  compres- 
sion flange  of  the  beam,  shall  not  exceed  one-fourth 
(^)  of  the  span  of  the  beam,  but  in  no  case  shall  it 
exceed  the  distance,  center  to  center,  of  beams. 

27.  Splicing  Steel. — If  it  is  necessary  to  splice 
steel  reinforcing  members,  either  in  compression  or 
tension,  the  splice  shall  be  either  a  steel  splice  that 


i6g 

in  tension  will  develop  the  full  strength  of  the  member, 
or  else  the  members  shall  be  lapped  in  the  concrete  for 
a  length  equal  to  at  least  the  following :  For  plain  bars 
of  medium  steel,  forty  times  the  diameter  or  maximum 
diagonal  of  cross  section.  For  plain  bars  of  high  elas- 
tic limit  steel,  seventy  times  the  diameter  or  maxi- 
mum diagonal  of  cross  section.  For  other  than  plain 
bars,  the  length  of  lap  shall  be  in  inverse  ratio  to  the 
ratio  of  the  allowed  bonding  stresses  as  herein  re- 
quired. In  no  case,  however,  shall  the  steel  reinforce- 
ment in  a  beam  or  girder  be  lap  spliced. 

Foundation  Walls  and  Piers. — Foundation  walls 
and  piers  shall  be  at  least  4  inches  wider  than  the  wall 
or  columns  which  is  to  rest  thereon. 

Floors  and  Columns. — Floors  and  columns  shall  be 
designed  for  a  minimum  live  load  at  least  equal  to  any 
load  to  which  it  may  be  subjected  during  the  course 
of  construction,  from  weight  of  false  work  and  wet 
concrete  used  in  the  floor  next  above.  No  load  shall 
be  imposed  on  a  floor  until  the  expiration  of  seven 
days  or  until  the  test  cubes  for  the  section  to  be  used 
show  a  strength  sufficient  to  carry  the  load  to  be  im- 
posed. 

Stresses. — Reinforced  concrete  shall  be  so  designed 
that  the  stresses  in  concrete  shall  not  exceed  the  follow- 
ing:— 

Extreme  fibre  stress  of  concrete  in  com- 
pression   500  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

Concrete  in  direct  compression,  piers  and 

foundations    500  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

Concrete  in  direct  compression,  hooped 

columns    900  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 


170 


Shearing  stress  in  concrete  ...        50  lbs.  per  sq.  m. 

Tensile  stress  in  steel    16,000  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

Tensile  stress  in  proof  or  twisted  steel, 

20,000  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 
Shearing  stress  in  steel    10,000  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 

Reinforcing. — Reinforcing  metal  shall  conform  to  the 
following  specification : 

Chemical  analysis  shall  show  in  no  part  more  than 
6-100  of  I  per  cent,  of  sulphur,  nor  more  than  9-10  of 
I  per  cent,  of  manganese ;  if  made  in  acid  furnace  shall 
contain  not  over  0.08  per  cent,  phosphorus  and  not  over 
0.05  per  cent,  sulphur,  and  whether  said  acid  or  basic 
must  have  the  following  physical  properties: 

(a)  Ultimate  strength,  not  less  than  80,000  lbs.  per 

square  inch. 

(b)  Elastic  limit  not  less  than  55,000  lbs.  per  square 

inch. 

(c)  Minimum  elongation  in  8  inches,  22  per  cent. 

(d)  Rods  must  be  capable  of  being  bent  cold  to  a 
.  diameter  equal  to  their  thickness  without  sign 

of  fracture. 

Bending  Moments.  —  The  following  assumption 
shall  guide  in  the  determination  of  the  bending  moments 
due  to  external  forces :  Lintels,  beams  and  girders  shall 
be  considered  as  simply  supported  at  the  ends,  no  allow- 
ance being  made  for  continuous  construction  over  sup- 
ports, and  the  bending  moment  for  a  uniformly  distrib- 
uted load  on  such  a  member  shall  be  taken  at  not  less 
than  WL,  where  W  is  the  uniformly  distributed  load  in 
~8 

pounds  and  L  is  the  span  in  inches. 

Floor  plates  when  constructed  continuous  and  when 
provided  with  reinforcement  at  top  of  plate  over  the" 


171 


supports,  may  be  treated  as  continuous  beams,  and  the 
bending  moment  for  a  uniformly  distributed  load  taken 
at  not  less  than  WL.    But  in  the  case  of  square  floor 

lO 

plates  which  are  reinforced  in  both  directions  and  sup- 
ported on  all  sides,  the  bending  moment  may  be  taken  at 
WL 
20. 

The  floor  plate  to  the  extent  of  not  more  than  five 
times  the  width  of  any  beam  may  be  taken  as  part  of 
that  beam  or  girder  in  computing  its  moment  of  resist- 
ance. 

Moment  of  Resistance. — The  moment  of  resistance 
of  any  reinforced  concrete  construction  under  transverse 
loads  shall  be  determined  by  formulas  based  on  the  fol- 
lowing assumptions : 

(a)  The  bond  between  the  concrete  and  steel  is 

sufficient  to  make  the  two  materials  act 
together  as  a  homogenous  solid. 

(b)  The  strain  in  any  fibre  is  directly  proportionate 

to  the  distance  of  that  fibre  from  the  neutral 
axis. 

(c)  The  modulus  of  elasticity  of  the  concrete  re- 

mains constant  within  the  limits  of  the  work- 
ing stresses  fixed  in  this  specification. 

(d)  The  tensile  strength  of  the  concrete  shall  not 

be  considered. 
Shearing  Stress  and  Adhesion. — When  the  shearing 
stresses,  developed  in  any  part  of  a  reinforced  concrete 
construction,  exceed  the  safe  working  strength  of  con- 
crete as  fixed  in  this  specification,  a  sufficient  amount  of 
steel  shall  be  introduced  in  such  a  position  that  the  defi- 
ciency in  the  resistance  to  sheer  is  overcome. 


1^2 

When  the  safe  Hmit  of  adhesion  between  the  con- 
crete and  steel  is  exceeded,  provision  must  be  made  for 
transmitting  the  strength  of  the  steel  to  the  concrete  to 
at  least  such  an  extent  as  will  bring  the  adhesion  to 
within  the  safe  limit  fixed  by  this  specification. 

Where  the  floor  is  of  T-section,  the  floor  section  for 
a  distance  of  24  inches  to  either  side  of  the  beam  or  gir- 
der may  be  figured  as  a  part  of  that  beam  or  girder  in 
computing  their  resistance, 

EXECUTION 

Factor  of  Safety. — All  reinforced  concrete  shall  be 
figured  to  sustain  four  times  the  working  load  without 
stressing  the  steel  beyond  its  elastic  limit,  except  that 
where  proof  or  twisted  steel  is  used  the  factor  of  safety 
for  steel  may  be  reduced  to  2. 

Drawings. — All  recognized  concrete  work  shall  be 
built  in  accordance  with  approved  detailed  working  draw- 
ings, and  no  work  shall  be  commenced  until  the  drawings 
shall  be  so  approved.  These  drawings  shall  indicate 
clearly  the  units  of  work  which  the  contractor  will  be 
required  to  observe,  i.e.,  the  points  at  which  he  will  be 
permitted  to  stop  work.  The  design  shall  conform  to 
the  requirements  of  the  local  building  commission. 

Condition  of  Reinforcing  Steel. — The  steel  used  for 
reinforcing  concrete  shall  have  no  paint  on  it,  but  shall 
present  the  concrete  a  clean  surface,  free  from  heavy 
rust  or  scale.  If  the  steel  has  more  than  a  thin  film  of 
rust  upon  its  surface  it  shall  be  cleaned  before  being 
placed  in  the  concrete  by  scrubbing  with  wire  brushes 
or  by  pickling  in  a  bath  consisting  of  i  part  commercial 
sulphuric  acid  to  6  parts  water,  as  the  engineer  in  charge 
may  direct.  When  the  pickling  bath  is  used  the  bars 
must  be  washed  thoroughly  in  clear  water  after  the  bath 
before  placing  in  the  concrete. 


173 


Unit  of  Measure  of  Cement. — In  proportioning  ma- 
terials for  concrete,  one  bag  containing  not  less  than  94 
pounds  of  cement,  shall  be  considered  I  cubic  foot. 

Measuring  Aggregates. — Aggregates,  sand,  stone 
or  gravel,  shall  be  measured  in  measuring  boxes,  or  in 
straight  topped  measuring  barrows.  Where  barrows  are 
used  they  shall  be  all  of  one  size,  or  the  size  shall  be 
plainly  marked  if  more  than  one  size  is  used.  The  meas- 
ure of  size  shall  be  the  cubic  contents  of  the  barrow 
"struck  flat"  with  a  straight  edge.  No  heaping  will  be 
allowed. 

Placing  concrete. — Concrete  shall  be  placed  in  the 
forms  as  soon  as  practicable  after  mixing,  and  shall 
in  no  case  be  used  without  retempering  if  more  than 
one  hour  has  elapsed  since  the  addition  of  the  water. 
Concrete  that  has  been  spilled  along  the  runways  shall 
not  be  deposited  in  the  structure.  All  concrete  shall 
be  deposited  in  such  a  manner  as  not  to  cause  separa- 
tion of  the  mortar  from  the  coarse  aggregates.  The 
concrete  in  columns  shall,  in  all  cases,  be  placed  at 
least  24  hours  in  advance  of  the  concrete  of  the  floor 
which  is  to  rest  thereon.  The  units  of  construction, 
as  indicated  on  the  drawings,  must  be  rigidly  observed 
and  each  unit  completed  at  one  time. 

Placing  Steel. — The  steel  shall  be  accurately  placed 
in  the  forms  and  secured  against  disturbance  while  the 
concrete  is  being  placed  and  tamped.  No  concrete 
shall  be  placed  until  the  reinforcing  metal  for  the 
entire  section  to  be  filled  is  in  place  and  has  been  in- 
spected by  the  Engineer. 

The  concrete  shall  be  worked  thoroughly  around 
all  reinforcing  bars,  and  in  no  case  shall  the  metal  be 
exposed. 


174 


Patching. — No  patching  shall  be  done  without  au- 
thorization from  the  owner.  In  case  voids  appear 
when  the  moulds  are  stripped,  they  shall  be  reported 
at  once  to  the  owner,  who  will  inspect  same  and  give 
the  necessary  instructions  for  repairing  the  defect. 

Concrete. — The  aggregate  for  concrete  shall  be  clean 
broken  trap  rock,  or  other  hard  rock,  limestone  excepted, 
hard  burned  broken  brick,  clean  furnace  clinker,  entirely 
free  of  combustible  matter,  furnace  slag  or  clean  gravel, 
together  with  clean,  silicious  sand,  if  sand  is  required  to 
produce  a  dense,  close  mixture.  Neither  cinder,  nor  slag 
concrete  shall  be  used  where  exposed  to  the  weather. 

Specifications  for  Portland  Cement. 

1.  The  cement  shall  be  first-class  American  Port- 
land in  a  dry  powder,  free  from  lumps  or  caking. 

2.  It  shall  satisfactorily  pass  all  the  tests  required 
for  first-class  Portland  cement  by  the  Department  of 
Buildings  of  New  York  City. 

4.  The  net  weight  per  bag  shall  not  be  less  than  94 
pounds. 

5.  Fineness. — Seventy-five  per  cent,  shall  pass 
through  the  ordinary  wire  sieve  having  36,000  openings 
per  square  inch. 

6.  Soundness. — Pats  of  neat  cement  mixed  for  five 
minutes  with  20  per  cent,  by  weight  of  water,  made  on 
glass,  each  pat  about  3  inches  in  diameter,  and  one-half 
inch  thick  at  center,  tapering  thence  to  a  thin  edge ;  when 
kept  under  a  wet  cloth  or  in  a  very  damp  atmosphere  for 
twenty-four  hours  and  then  placed  in  cold  water  and 
heated  to  212  degrees,  and  kept  at  that  temperature  for 
six  hours  and  allowed  to  cool,  shall  show  neither  distor- 
tion nor  cracks. 


175 


7.  Time  of  Setting. — The  cement  shall  not  acquire 
its  initial  set  in  less  than  forty-five  minutes  in  a  tempera- 
ture of  80  degrees,  and  must  acquire  its  final  set  in  ten 
hours. 

8.  Briquettes  made  of  neat  cement  after  being  kept 
in  air  for  twenty-four  hours  under  a  wet  cloth,  and  the 
balance  of  the  time  under  water,  shall  develop  tensile 
strength  per  square  inch  as  follows : 

Aften  seven  days    450  lbs. 

After  twenty-eight  days    540  lbs. 

Briquettes  made  of  one  part  by  weight  of  cement  and 
three  parts  standard  sand  shall  develop  tensile  strength 
per  square  inch  as  follows : 

After  seven  days    140  lbs. 

After  twenty-eight  days    220  lbs. 

Four  inch  cubes  made  of  one  part  by  weight  of  cement 
and  three  parts  of  standard  sand  mixed  wet  and  jarred 
into  mold,  shall  have  a  crushing  weight  of  12  tons  when 
28  days  old.  After  being  kept  in  air  for  seven  days  un- 
der a  wet  cloth,  and  the  balance  of  the  time  under  water. 

9.  The  specific  gravity  of  the  cement  shall  not  be 
less  than  3.1,  nor  mgre  than  3.4. 

10.  When  mixed  into  a  stiff  paste  and  placed  into 
an  inch  glass  tube  made  of  thin  glass  it  shall  not  crack 
the  same. 

Proportions.  The  concrete  shall  be  so  propor- 
tioned that  at  the  expiration  of  seven  days  the  crush- 
ing strength  of  the  concrete  shall  be  at  least  two  times 
the  compressive  strength  assumed  as  a  basis  for  the 
calculations,  and  at  the  expiration  of  thirty  days  the 
crushing  strength  of  the  concrete  shall  be  at  least  four 
times  the  compressive  strength  so  assumed. 


176 


For  the  purpose  of  estimating,  the  strength  of  con- 
crete shall  be  assumed  as  in  accordance  with  Thacher's 
formulas  as  given  below : 

7  days  1800 — 200  (Vol.  cement) 

30  daya  3100 — 350  (Vol.  cement) 

90  days  3820 — 460  (Vol.  cement) 

180  days  4900 — 600  (Vol.  cement) 

Mixing  Concrete. — All  concrete  shall  be  machine 
mixed  in  a  machine  of  the  batch  type.  Each  batch 
shall  be  retained  in  the  machine  for  a  sufficient  time  to 
ensure  25  complete  turns  of  the  material. 

Water  in  the  Concrete. — The  mixture  shall  be  wet 
as  possible  without  causing  a  separation  of  cement 
from  the  mixture. 

Forms  or  Centering. — The  forms  shall  be  constucted 
as  per  plans  to  be  furnished  by  the  contractor  and  ap- 
proved by  the  owner.  They  shall  be  so  designed  that 
they  will  carry  without  settlement  four  times  the 
weight  imposed  by  the  body  of  wet  concrete  to  be  sus- 
tained. The  contractor  may  be  required  to  replace  such 
false  work  as  may  fail  to  meet  the  above  requirements. 
Before  laying  the  concrete  a  bay,  to  be  selected  by  the 
owner,  shall  be  tested,  with  two  times  the  load  imposed 
by  the  wet  concrete  to  be  laid.  The  owner  may,  at  his 
own  expense,  order  a  repetition  of  the  above  test  if, 
in  his  opinion  the  molds  have  been  weakened  by  con- 
tinued use,  and  may  require  the  contractor  to  replace 
at  his  own  expense  such  portions  as  may  show  signs 
of  failure.  The  molding  surfaces  shall  be  constructed 
of  tongue  and  groove  material  not  wider  than  4  inches 
and  shall  be  either  of  white  pine,  Norway  pine,  spruce 
or  cypress.  No  hemlock  shall  be  used  either  for  mold- 
ing surfaces  or  ebewhere. 


177 


Filling  Forms. — The  molding  surfaces  shall  be  prac- 
tically water  tight.  Column  molds  shall  be  provided 
with  a  clean-out  door  at  the  foot.  No  concrete  shall 
be  laid  until  the  section  to  be  filled,  whether  columns, 
walls  or  floors,  has  been  inspected  and  approved.  The 
inspection  shall  not  take  place  until  the  carpenters' 
work  on  the  section  to  be  filled  is  finished  and  the  car- 
penters have  moved  ofif. 

Stripping  Forms. — The  molds  shall  be  stripped  only 
under  instructions  from  the  inspector.  For  determining 
the  time  of  stripping,  there  shall  be  made,  at  the  time 
of  laying  the  floors,  test  cubes  of  the  material  as  it 
goes  into  the  work.  These  cubes  shall  be  left  to  har- 
den on  the  surface  of  the  floor  so  that  they  may  be 
subject  to  the  same  conditions  as  the  floor  material. 
There  shall  be  made  at  least  six  of  these  cubes  which 
will  be  tested  under  the  supervision  of  the  inspector, 
and  no  false  work  shall  be  stripped  unless  these  test 
cubes  show  the  crushing  strength  used  as  the  basis  for 
calculation. 

All  molding  surfaces  shall  be  cleaned  before  each 
setting  and  shall  be  coated  with  petrolatum,  well 
brushed  on. 

Floors  and  Columns. — Molds  must  be  protected 
against  injury  from  the  wheelbarrows  or  carts  by  use 
of  substantial  runways.  Wheelbarrows  must  not  strike 
the  floor  in  dumping. 

Freezing  Weather. — No  concrete  shall  be  laid  in 
freezing  weather  unless  precautions  are  taken  to  en- 
sure protection  against  freezing,  and  in  any  case  work 
shall  be  prosecuted  in  freezing  weather  only  upon 
written  consent  of  the  owner.  Where  it  is  necessary 
to  carry  on  the  work  in  freezing  weather,  the  con- 


178 


tractor  will  be  required  to  submit  his  plan  of  frost 
protection  before  such  consent  will  be  granted.  Cov- 
ering fresh  laid  concrete  with  manure  will  not  be  per- 
mitted. 

Note. — The  following  outline  of  a  system  of  frost  pro- 
tection may  be  of  service  to  contractors,  as  well  as  owners 
and  engineers,  who  have  to  meet  the  problem  of  winter 
work.  This  system  was  devised  by  the  Messrs.  Ransome 
and  has  been  used  by  them  with  success  for  several  years 
past. 

The  aggregate  shall  be  heated  to  a  temperature  of  80 
to  100  degrees,  preferably  in  a  standard  sand  heater. 
The  water  shall  be  heated  to  80  to  100  degrees  and  have 
added  to  it  salt  in  the  proportions  of  8  lbs.  of  salt  to 
the  barrel  of  cement. 

When  mixed,  the  concrete  shall  be  placed  imme- 
diately; in  no  case  shall  more  than  10  minutes  elapse. 
When  the  concrete  has  been  placed  it  shall  be  protected 
against  the  action  of  frost.  The  newly  laid  concrete  shall 
be  covered  by  a  solid  wood  covering,  blocked  up  at  least 
six  inches  above  the  surface  of  the  floor  in  a  manner 
to  permit  free  circulation  of  air  beneath  the  covering. 
Heat  shall  be  introduced  beneath  the  floor  (or  in  the 
case  of  ground  floors,  beneath  the  board  covering)  by 
means  of  steam  coils,  or  salamanders.  If  the  former 
system  be  used  provision  must  be  made  for  the  escape 
of  sufficient  steam  beneath  the  covering  to  prevent  prema- 
ture drying  out  of  the  concrete.  If  salamanders  be  used 
they  must  be  sprinkled  freely  with  water,  thus  producing 
the  necessary  amount  of  moisture,  and  small  openings 
shall  be  left  in  the  floor  slab  to  permit  the  warm  air  to 
circulate  over  the  upper  surface  of  the  floor.  The  sides 
of  the  floor  shall  be  protected  by  canvas  curtains,  which 
shall  extend  downward  to  the  floor  next  below. 


179 


There  shall  be  placed  beneath  the  floor  and  beneath 
the  panels  on  top  of  the  floor,  at  intervals  of  lo  feet, 
self-registering  thermometers,  which  in  no  case  must 
show  lower  than  32  degrees. 

This  temperature  must  be  maintained  until  the  test 
cubes  which  have  been  allowed  to  set  on  the  floor  and 
beneath  the  top  covering  show  the  strength  used  as  a 
basis  for  the  design.  (See  paragraph  for  particulars  as 
to  Test  Cubes.) 

Protection  of  Concrete  from  Drying. — When  the 
concrete  is  exposed  to  hot  or  dry  atmosphere  it  shall  be 
kept  moist  for  a  period  of  at  least  24  hours  after  it  has 
taken  its  initial  set.  This  shall  be  done  by  a  covering 
of  wet  sand,  cinders,  etc.,  or  by  continuous  sprinkling, 
or  by  other  method  equally  effective  in  the  opinion  of 
the  owner. 

Finishing  Floors. — All  floors  which  will  be  sub- 
jected to  use  by  the  contractor  in  progress  of  the  work 
will  be  roller  finished  when  laid,  and  the  wearing  sur- 
face shall  be  applied  after  the  floor  next  above  has  been 
laid  and  the  false  work  therefore  has  been  removed. 
The  finish  coat  shall  be  at  least  inch  thick,  and 
shall  be  of  the  type  known  as  ''granolithic,''  mixed  in 
the  proportions  of  i  part  cement  and  parts  crushed 
granite  or  other  hard  stone  acceptable  to  the  owner. 

The  surface  of  the  old  concrete  will  be  thoroughly 
cleaned  by  sweeping  and  washing,  and  all  loose  ma- 
terial removed.  The  surface  shall  then  be  treated 
with  "Ransomite"  or  other  approved  bonding  mixture, 
and  the  finish  coat  applied  in  the  usual  manner.  A  soft 
wearing  surface  will  not  be  accepted. 


i8o 

Work  After  Dark. — The  contractor  must  provide 
means  for  thorough  illumination  of  the  work  in  case  it 
may  be  necessary  to  prosecute  work  after  dark. 

Preliminary  Work. — Before  beginning  work  the 
contractor  will  see  that  monuments  are  established  at 
the  end  of  each  side  of  the  building  and  in  line  with 
the  center  of  the  outer  row  of  piers.  These  monuments 
should  be  carefully  set  to  serve  as  bench  marks  and 
there  shall  be  cut  therein  a  clear  mark  in  true  line 
with  the  center  lines  of  the  piers.  The  contractor  will 
see  that  these  lines  are  verified  before  proceeding  with 
the  work. 

The  falsework  for  each  floor  shall  be  checked 
against  these  bench  marks  before  being  filled. 


RANSOME  CABLE  CODE 
(For  Code  of  Mixer  Parts  see  Page  63) 

feARROWS. 

Babe — 3  cubic  ft.  capacity,  forward  dump,  one- 
wheel  barrow. 

Baco — 4  cubic  ft.  capacity,  forward  dump,  one- 
wheel  barrow 

Bado — 5  cubic  ft.  capacity,  forward  dump,  one- 
wheel  barrow 

Bafo — 3  cubic  ft.  capacity,  forward  dump,  two- 
wheel  barrow 

Bago — 4  cubic  ft.  capacity,  forward  dump,  two- 
wheel  brrow 

Banno — 5  cubic  ft.  capacity,  forward  dump,  two- 
wheel  barrow 

Base — Angle  leg  side  dump  barrow. 


i8i 

BILL  OF  LADING. 

Braddleye — Bill  of  lading  attached  to  draft. 
Bradonem — Bill  of  lading  is  dated. 
Braentigam — Bill  of  lading  goes  forward  by  first 
mail. 

Bragada — Cannot  secure  delivery  without  bill  of 
lading. 

Bragadura — Forward  all  bills  of  lading. 
Bragot — Has  bill  of  lading  been  sent? 
Bragueta — One  copy  of  bill  of  lading  attached  to 
draft. 

Braitassi — Send  duplicate  bill  of  lading. 

BOILERS. 

Brakspuit — Boiler  has  not  arrived. 
Brakvogel — ^Boiler  is  on  the  way. 
Brakwolke — Boiler  is  of  —  horsepower. 


Brakwolken — 

-Must 

have  new 

boiler. 

Brakwan — lo 

h. 

P- 

Ransome 

portable 

boiler 

on 

wheels 

Brakwap — 15 

h. 

p. 

Ransome 

portable 

boiler 

on 

wheels 

Brakwar — 20 

h. 

P- 

Ransome 

portable 

boiler 

on 

wheels 

Brakwas — 25 

h. 

p. 

Ransome 

portable 

boiler 

on 

wheels 

Brakwat — 30 

h. 

P- 

Ransome 

portable 

boiler 

on 

wheels 

Brakwax — 40 

h. 

P- 

Ransome 

portable 

boiler 

on 

wheels 

Brakwen — 50 

h. 

p. 

Ransome 

portable 

boiler 

on 

wheels 


l82 


Brakwep — 60  h.  p.  Ransome  portable  boiler  on 

wheels 

Brekod — 10  h.  p.  Ransome  special  upright  Tubu- 
lar boilers 

Brekog — 15  h.  p.  Ransome  special  upright  tubu- 
lar boilers 

Brekok — 20  h.  p.  Ransome  special  upright  tubular 
boilers 

Brekom — 30  h.  p.  Ransome  special  upright  tubu- 
lar boilers 

Brokman — 4  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright  tu- 
bular boiler 

Brokwar — 5  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright  tu- 
bular boiler 

Brokmas — 6  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright  tu- 
bular boiler 

Brokmat — 8  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright  tu- 
bular boiler 

Brokmax — 10  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright  tu- 
bular boiler 

Brokmanna — 12  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright 
tubular  boiler 

Brokmarra — 15  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright 
tubular  boiler 

Brokmassa — 18  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright 
tubular  boiler 

Brokmatta — 20  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright 
tubular  boiler 

Brokmaxa — 25  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright 
tubular  boiler 

Brokmen — 30  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright  tu- 
bular boiler 


i83 


Brokmer — 35  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright  tu- 
bular boiler 

Brokmes — ^^40  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright  tu- 
bular boiler 

Brokmet — 45  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright  tu- 
bular boiler 

Brokmex — 50  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright  tu- 
bular boiler 

Brokmenna — 60  h.  p.  Ransome  standard  upright 
tubular  boiler 

BROKEN. 

Broshoek — Broken  in  transit.    Send  duplicate 
Brosier — Broken   in   transit   owing   to  careless 

handling.    Send  duplicate  part. 
Brosilem — Broken  on  account  of  defective  ma- 
terial.   Send  new  part. 

BUCKET  (Concrete  Hoist). 

Brosilete — 10  cu.  ft.  capacity 
Brosilletto — 20  cu.  ft.  capacity 
Bruchhut — 30  cu.  ft.  capacity 
Bruchil — 40  cu.  ft.  capacity 
Bruchlam — Bail  for  i  bucket 
Bruchlich — Bail  for  2  buckets 
Bruchnuss — Bail  for  3  buckets 
Bruchpalm — Bail  for  4  buckets 
Bruchreij — Bucket  for  No.  i  without  bail 
Bruchtanne — Bucket  for  No.  2  without  bail 
Bruckan — Bucket  for  No.  3  without  bail 
Brucolera — Bucket  for  No.  4  without  bail 
Brucourt — Front  brace  No.  i 
Bructorum — Front  brace  No.  2 
Brudeler — Front  brace  No.  3 


i84 


Brudindino- — Front  brace  No.  4 
Brudos — Rear  brace  No.  i 
Brudonille — Rear  brace  No.  2 
Brudches — Rear  brace  No.  3 
Brudhamer-— Rear  brace  No.  4 
Brudlin — Trunnion  No.  i 
Bruzlin — Trunnion  No.  2 
Bruzzam — Trunnion  No.  3 
Bruzzet — Trunnion  No,  4 
Bruzzeta — Cross  brace  No.  l 
Bruzzettam — Cross  brace  No.  2 
Bruzzot- — Cross  brace  No.  3 
Bruzzotam — Cross  brace  No.  4 
Bruzzna — Nose  piece  No,  i 
Bruzznam— Nose  piece  No,  2 
Bruzznama^ — Nose  piece  No.  3 
Bruzznap — Nose  piece  No.  4 

CARTS.  i 

Bruzznat — 6  cu.  ft.  capacity  round  nosed  cart 
Bruzznatta — 6  cu.  ft.  capacity  pointed  nosed  cart  , 

CABLE.    See  under  Telegraph. 

CASH.    See  also  Terms. 

Cabriteras — Cash  before  delivery. 
Cacapar — Cash  on  surrender  of  shipping  papers. 
Cacapinho — Cash  on  arrival  at  destination. 
Cacaranado — Cash  in  30  days  from  date  of  invoice. 
Cacareaba — Cash  with  order,  balance  on  delivery. 
Cacareador — Cash  with  order,  balance  30  days. 
Cadaverini — Cash  with  order,  balance  60  days. 
Cadaverous — Cash  60  days  from  date  of  invoice. 
Cadaverum — What  discount  do  you  allow  for 
cash? 


i85 


Caddeci— On  delivery  of  shipping  papers 
Caddor— Two  per  cent,  for  cash  lo  days 
Caddy- — Five  per  cent,  for  cash  on  surrender  of 
shipping  papers 

COMMISSION. 

Caprilibrus — Does  not  include  commission. 
Caprilium — Does  your  price  allow  for  our  com- 
mission? 

Capronique- — If  there  is  no  profit  will  you  waive 

commission? 
Capsacarum — Provided  commission  is  waived 
Capstone^ — Waive  commission  if  necessary 
Capsulage — We    deducted     commission.  Add 

whatever  commission  you  wish 
Captandos — The  usual  commission  is 

CRAB  (Friction  Hoist). 

Captive — 1906  model  No.  i 
Captors — 1906  model  No.  2 
Captrix — 1907  model  No.  3 

DATE. 

Cleombroto — About  what  date? 

Cleomenco — Advise  date  of  arrival 

Cleptoru^m — Date  cannot  be  fixed  till  we  receive 

motor  details 
Clergify — Date  must  be  adhered  to. 

On  or  about  the 
Clisobra — ist  ultimo. 
Clisophus — 2nd  ultimo 
Clisson — 3rd  ultimo. 
Clisterizo — 4th  ultimo. 
Clisthenem — 5th  ultimo. 


t86 


Clisthenis — 6th  ultimo. 
Clitarchi — 7th  ultimo. 
Clitarchus — 8th  ultimo. 
Clitarium — 9th  ultimo. 
Clitched — loth  ultimo. 
Clowinsh — nth  ultimo. 
Clowinshly — 12th  ultimo. 
Clowns — 13th  ultimo. 
Cloyless — 14th  ultimo. 
Cloyment — 15th  ultimo. 
Coabitato — i6th  ultimo. 
Coabitavo — 17th  ultimo. 
Coabito — i8th  ultimo. 
Coaccion — 19th  ultimo. 
Coaccuse — 20th  ultimo. 
Coadjust — 2 1  St  ultimo. 
Coadjuting — 22nd  ultimo. 
Coadjutor~23rd  ultimo. 
Coadjutrix — 24th  ultimo. 
Coaxar — 25th  ultimo. 
Coaxavitis — 26th  ultimo. 
Coaxavunt — 27th  ultimo. 
Coaxax — 28th  ultimo. 
Coaxaxa — 29th  ultimo. 
Coaxat — 30th  ultimo. 
Coaxaxatta — 31st  ultimo. 
Cobrabamus — ist  instant. 
Cobrable — 2nd  instant. 
Cobraderas — 3rd  instant. 
Cobrador — 4th  instant. 
Cobramos — 5th  instant. 
Coegalite — 6th  instant. 
Coegero — 7th  instant. 


Coegemut — 8th  instant. 
Coegissem — 9th  instant. 
Coegnale — loth  instant. 
Coela — nth  instant. 
Coelanthe — 12th  instant. 
Coelector — 13th  instant. 
Coelectum — 14th  instant. 
Coelestin — 15th  instant. 
Cograins — i6th  instant. 
Cogrus — 17th  instant. 
Cogucho — i8th  instant. 
CoguUada — 19th  instant. 
Cogware — 20th  instant. 
Coldish — 2 1  St  instant. 
Colder — 22nd  instant. 
Colebant — 23rd  instant. 
Colebatis — 24th  instant. 
Collanuzza — 25th  instant. 
CoUapsi — 26th  instant. 
Collapsing — 27th  instant. 
CoUapsos — 28th  instant. 
CoUapsuri — 29th  instant. 
Collegassi — 30th  instant. 
CoUegavi— 31st  instant. 
Collego — 1st  proximo. 
Collek — 2nd  proximo. 
CoUeka — 3rd  proximo. 
Collekan — 4th  proximo. 
CoUekana — 5th  proximo. 
CoUeke — 6th  proximo. 
CoUeken — 7th  proximo. 
CoUekena — 8th  proximo. 
CoUeku — 9th  proximo. 


i87 


CoUekun — loth  proximo. 
CoUekura — nth  proximo. 
Collela — I2th  proximo. 
Collelan — 13th  proximo. 
CoUelana — 14th  proximo. 
CoUele — 15th  proximo. 
CoUelen — i6th  proximo. 
CoUelena — 17th  proximo. 
Collelu — i8th  proximo.. 
CoUeppa — 19th  proximo. 
CoUerac — 20th  proximo. 


CoUeramus — 21st  proximo. 
CoUerebbe — 22nd  proximo. 
Colleremo — 23rd  proximo. 
Colleriche — 24th  proximo. 
CoUete — 2Sth.  proximo. 
CoUetamo — 26th  proximo. 
Coiletax — 27th  proximo. 
CoUetaxam — 28th  proximo. 
CoUeti — 29th  proximo. 
CoUeticus — 30th  proximo. 
CoUevo — 31st  proximo. 


DEFECTS. 

CoUybum — Is  defective  as  to  material.  Will  you 
send  new  part  or  shall  we  repair  at  your  ex- 
pense? 

CoUyvarum — Workmanship  defective.    Shall  we 

repair  at  your  expense? 
CoUyre — What  is  the  defect? 

DELIVERY.    See  also  Price,  also  Shipment. 
Compelled — Advise  best  delivery. 
Compella — Advise  best  delivery  you  will  guaran- 
tee. 

Competerumo — Can  guarantee  delivery. 
Competency — Cannot  guarantee  delivery. 
Complacent — Delivery  delayed  on  account  of 
Complebit — We  can  ship  in  one  day. 
Complebita — We  can  ship  in  two  days. 
Complebix — We  can  ship  in  three  days. 
Complebixa — We  can  ship  in  four  days. 
Complebot — We  can  ship  in  five  days. 
Complebota — We  can  ship  in  six  days. 
Complebox — We  can  ship  in  seven  days. 


i88 

Complejo— We  can  ship  in  two  weeks. 
Complesso — We  can  ship  in  three  weeks. 
Completaba — We  can  ship  in  four  weeks. 
Complete — We  can  ship  in  five  weeks. 
Completeba — We  can  ship  in  six  weeks. 
Completed — We  can  ship  in  seven  weeks. 
Complettis — We  can  ship  in  eight  weeks. 

DIMENSIONS.    See  also  Measurements. 

Cordated — Can  do  nothing  till  we  have  dimen- 
sions of  customer's  engine. 

Cordelier — Dimensions  are  — •  wide  by  —  long 
by  —  high. 

Cornicator — Refer  to  dimension  drawings  in  our 
catalogue. 

DISCOUNT., 

Covenably — Allow  discount  of  i  per  cent. 

Covenanted — Allow  discount  of  2  per  cent. 

Covenantor — Allow  discount  of  3  per  cent. 

Covendeur — Allow  discount  of  5  per  cent. 

Conveniero — Allow  discount  of  10  per  cent. 
Convenimus — Discount  was  deducted  in  making  our 
price  to  you. 

ENGINES. 

Cracon — 3x3 

Cracowes — 4x4  disc  crank. 
Cradias — 5x5. 
Crajje — 6x6. 

Crajjitt — With  countershaft  bracket,  mixer  type. 
Crajordie — 7x7. 

Crajordiet — 7x7  with  countershaft  bracket. 
Crajtily— 8x8. 

Crajty — 8x8  with  countershaft. 


1 89 

Craticula — 9x9. 

Cratiebam — 9x9  with  countershaft  and  brackets. 
Cratiendos —  i  ox  i  o. 
Cratiendum —  1 2x  12. 
Cratippi — 14x14. 
Creidora —  1 6x  1 6. 

ERROR. 

Devoluting — A  clerical  error. 
Devolvenus — An  error  in  calculating. 
Dexius — Owing  to  error  on  our  part. 
Dextellis — Owing  to  error  on  your  part. 
Dextralium — Very  much  regret  error. 
Diadem — You  have  made  an  error  in  shipment. 
Diados — You  have  made  an  error  in  shipping  pa- 
pers.   Send  corrected  papers  at  once. 

EXPRESS. 

Divigarono — By  express. 

Divagassi — By  what  express  was  it  sent? 

Divagation — Call  at  the  office  of    express. 

Divaguer — Send  by  Express  Co. 

Diyitem — Send  by  express,  prepaid. 

Divito — Will  you  stand  express  charges? 
FEET. 

Doopkapel — Cubic  feet. 

Doopoont — How  many  cubic  feet? 

Doopoox  feet  long  by  —  feet  wide  by  —  feet 

high. 

LETTER. 

Exolate — Await  letter. 

Exomidas — Cancel  instructions  in  our  letter  of  — 
Exonoratus — Cannot  carry  out  instructions  con- 
tained in  your  letter  of  — . 


190 


Exoravimus — Full  particulars  will  reach  you  by 
letter  of  . 

Expertly — Get  goods  covered  by  your  letter  ready 
for  shipment.    See  our  letter  for  instructions. 

Expetas — Letter  received  too  late  to  carry  out  in- 
structions. 

FREE. 

Dummock — Free  on  board  cars  at  destination. 
Dummocka — Free  on  board  cars  at  Dunnellen, 
N.  J. 

Dummol — Free  on  board  steamer^  New  York. 
Dummola — Free  on  board  steamer  at  destination. 
FREIGHT. 

Dunder — All  freight  charges  to  be  paid  by  us. 

Dunderha — All  freight  charges  to  be  paid  by  you. 

Dunkelman — Based  upon  present  rates  of  freight. 
FURNISH. 

Eccitaton — How  soon  can  you  furnish? 

Eccitatox — How  soon  can  you  furnish,  and  at 
what  price? 
INVOICE. 

Esverdeado — A  copy  of  invoice  has  been  sent. 
Etabliras — Consular  invoice. 

Etabliront — Consular  invoice  has  not  been  re- 
ceived. 

Etacists — Consular  invoice  not  correct. 
Etambot — Have  sent  invoice. 
Etambrai — Have  you  sent  invoice? 
Eteignions — Invoice  in  duplicate. 
Etiendrais — Invoice  in  triplicate. 
Eternser — Must  be  specified  in  invoice. 
Eternizado — On  delivery  of  invoice  and  bill  of 
lading. 


Ettienzing— What  is  amount  of  invoice? 
Ettenicos — You  will  deliver  invoice  and  papers 

to  . 

MIXERS. 

Extens — Arranged  for  hoist  attachment. 

Extensor — Equipped  with  standard  batch  hopper 

Extensota — Equipped  with  standard  batch  hop- 
per and  water  tank. 

Extent — Equipped  with  standard  elevating  hop- 
per. 

Extentia — Equipped  with  standard  elevating  hop- 
per and  water  tank. 
Extentiam — Equipped  with  standard  water  tank. 

Note. — If  machine  is  wanted  on  wheels  add 
to  the  code  name  the  letter  ''el." 
Extor — No.  I  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids. 
Extort — No.  2  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids. 
Extorta — No.  3  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids. 
Extract — No.  4  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids. 
Extrada — No.  i  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

steam  engine  only. 
Extraer — No.  2  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

steam  engine  only. 
Extraig — No.  3  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

steam  engine  only. 
Extraje — No.  4  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

steam  engine  only. 
Extram — No.  i  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

gasoline  engine. 
Extraneo — No.  2  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

gasoline  engine. 
Extrapo — No.  3  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

gasoline  engine. 


192 


Extrasa — No.  4  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

gasoline  engine. 
Extravo — No.  i  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

electric  motor. 
Extruam — No.  2  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

electric  motor. 
Extrude — No.  3  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

electric  motor. 
Extruso — No.  4  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

electric  motor. 
Exude — No.  i  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

engine  and  boiler. 
Exudrio — No.  2  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

engine  and  boiler. 
Exult — No.  3  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

engine  and  boiler. 
Exunct — No.  4  mixer,  1908  model  on  skids,  with 

engine  and  boiler. 
Eyebal — No.  i  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

steam  engine  of  extra  power  for  hoist. 
Eyebrow — No.  2  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

steam  engine  of  extra  power  for  hoist. 
Eyeful — No.  3  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

steam  engine  of  extra  power  for  hoist. 
Eyelash — No.  4  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  wnth 

steam  engine  of  extra  power  for  hoist. 
Eyestone — No.  i  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

gasoline  engine  of  extra  power. 
Eyestring — No.  2  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids, 

with  gasoline  engine  of  extra  power. 
Eyetooth — No.  3  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids, 

with  gasoline  engine  of  extra  power. 


193 

• 

Eye  wink — No.  4  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids, 

with  gasoline  engine  of  extra  power. 
Eyzelin — No.  i  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

electric  motor  of  extra  power. 
Faalden — No.  2  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

electric  motor  of  extra  power. 
Faamlos — No.  3  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

electric  motor  of  extra  power. 
Fabaraz — No.  4  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

electric  motor  of  extra  power. 
Fabbro — No.  i  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

engine  and  boiler  of  extra  power. 
Fabula — No.  2  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

engine  and  boiler  of  extra  power. 
Fabulat — No.  3  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  wdth 

engine  and  boiler  of  extra  power. 
Facote — No.  4  mixer,  1908  model,  on  skids,  with 

engine  and  boiler  of  extra  power. 
For  code  of  Mixer  Parts,  see  Page  63. 
Fading — Cart  mixer  complete,  including  frame, 

hood,  and  one  cart. 
Fadite — Extra  cart  for  cart  mixer. 
ORDERS. 

Furniano — Accept  no  further  orders  from. 

Furnish — Accept  order  at  price  named. 

Furriel — Advise  when  order  is  executed,  giving 
car  numbers. 

Furtively — A  mistake  has  been  made  in  your  or- 
der. 

Furtivorem — Are  getting  out  the  order  as  rapidly 
as  possible.    Will  be  ready  not  later  than  — . 

Fusciano — Cancel  order  unless  you  can  fill  at 
once. 


194 


Fuscoamn — Cancel  our  order  No.  — .  Our  cus- 
tomer will  refuse  to  accept  same. 

Fusionam — Can  get  order  provided  you  will  guar- 
antee shipment  within  — ■  days. 

Fussacht — Can  ship  the  order  complete  within  — 
days. 

Fussgicht— Can  take  the  order   .  References 

satisfactory.    Shall  I  close? 

Futtergas — Expect  to  complete  order. 

Gabbore — Price  given  on  your  order  is  wrong. 
Please  send  corrected  order. 

Gabbronite — Wire  us  if  you  can  execute  the  or- 
der. 

Gajaria — Order  will  be  shipped  immediately. 
PRICE. 

Golgotha — At  what  price  and  how  soon  can  you 
ship  ? 

Gorgheggia — Does  price  include? 

Gorgiasse — Has  there  been  any  change  in  price? 

Gorgidas — Is  price  quoted  net,  or  is  it  subject 
to  discount?    If  the  latter,  how  much? 

Gorgobina — Wire  lowest  net  price  of. 
NUMBERS.    To  telegraph  numbers  use  the  follow- 
ing code: 

1234567890 
CDHLMNRSFT 

Take  those  of  the  above  consonants  which  indi- 
cate the  proper  numbers  to  be  telegraphed  and  use 
sufficient  vowels  to  make  some  sort  of  a  word.  For 
example  to  telegraph  49872,  you  would  use  the  letters 
LFSRD.  This  can  be  made  into  Lufsrod  by  the  addi- 
tion of  2  vowels. 


195 


SHEAVE  WHEEL. 

Galgulus — 42-inch  wheel  for  hoist. 

SHIP. 

Incantato — As  soon  as  you  can  ship. 
Incancado — By  what  hne  will  you  ship? 
Incancavel — By  what  line  did  you  ship? 
Incanclura — By  what  line  shall  we  ship? 
Incanescas — Cannot   ship    all   by    this  steamer. 

Shall  we  wait  and  ship  all  together? 
Incannit — Can  you  ship  with  draft  attached? 
Incaparono — Do  not  ship.    Wait  completion  of 

order. 

Incapavate — Do  not  ship  until  further  advised. 
Incappanio^ — Have    arranged    to    ship    by  first 
steamer. 

Incamat — How  soon  can  you  ship? 
Incembus — Shall  ship  in  few  days  by  express. 
Incensadas — Shall  ship  in  few  days  by  freight. 
Inceperant — Ship  all  or  none. 

SHIPMENT. 

Incoamus — Are  making  the  following  shipment. 

Incoasteis — Are  you  looking  after  the  shipment 
of  our  order? 

Incoceiavi — Can  arrange  for  immediate  shipment 

Incoctilis — Cannot  guarantee  shipment. 

Incognito — Can  we  rely  on  prompt  shipment? 

Incolenders — Delay  shipment  until  further  ad- 
vised. 

IncoUero — First  shipment  will  be  made. 
Incolumity — Have  delivered  the  entire  shipment. 

Incombendo — Have  ready  for  shipment  now. 

Inconubus — Hurry  shipment  much  as  possible. 


196 

Incommodum — If  shipment  has  not  already  been 
made. 

Inconduite — Notify  us  when  ready  for  shipment. 
Incoram^ — Shipment  must  be  made  by. 
Incrasante — Shipment  must  be  made  by   , 

otherwise  cancel  our  order. 
Ineriado — What   is   earliest   shipment   you  can 

make  ? 
SHIPPED. 

Incrustada — Already  shipped. 
Incubabas — Can  be  shipped  at  once. 
Incubing — Have  not  shipped  on  account  of. 
Incubonem — How  were  they  shipped? 
Incubuerat — If  you  have  not  shipped  cancel  our 

order. 

Incursabit — When  was  it  shipped? 
Incursae — When  will  it  be  shipped? 
Incurvanda — Will  be  shipped  at  once. 
-  TELEGRAPH. 

Irredemus — Advise  by  telegraph  how  soon  you 

can  ship  and  at  what  price. 
Irridoline — Answer  by  telegraph,  using  Western 
Union  code. 

Irritaban — Forward  immediate  answer,  by  tele- 
graph. 

Irritatig — If  it  cannot  be  accomplished  telegraph 
at  once. 

Irritator — If  3^ou  telegraph  order  at  once  on  re- 
ceipt of  this. 

TRACE. 

Jijerias — Do  not  think  necessary  to  trace. 
Jirojina — Trace  immediately. 
Jodelet — Trace  shipment  by  wire. 


